The large intestine is made up of these structures except:

Peristalsis is voluntary waves of contraction traveling the whole length of the alimentary tract.

Hyperguesia is a mechanical aspect of digestion.

Enzymes enable metabolic reactions to proceed at a faster rate without being exhausted.

Dysguesia is a condition of the loss of smell, limiting the capacity to detect the flavor of food and beverages.

Gluten sensitivity, an allergic condition, is an example of a systemic condition.

Consuming milk or milk products while taking tetracycline decreases the amount of antibiotic and calcium available to the

The use of over-the-counter tablets might not be beneficial to patients because the active ingredient within the product is digested before it can be used.

Which sensory perceptions influence food choices?

Taste buds are found on the dorsal surface of the tongue, contain 30-100 papillae and replace themselves every 3-10 days.

Impairment of the olfactory nerves will change the taste of foods.

Saliva extracts calcium and phosphate from demineralized tooth surfaces.

Some chemical action or hydrolysis of nutrients begins in the mouth. Salivary amylase initiates starch digestion.

The accessory organs are the salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. They provide secretions essential for digestion and absorption.

Chewing firm food helps to maintain a proper balance between bone breakdown and new bone formation within the alveolar process.

Even after a patient becomes fully adjusted to well-fitted dentures, masticatory efficiency is reduced compared with that of patients with their natural teeth.

Which are true of a bolus?

The pyloric sphincter releases small amounts of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine for digestion and absorption.

Patients with ulcers of certain gastrointestinal tract disorders should avoid dietary constituents that increase hydrochloric acid and pepsin secretion. Foods to avoid include proteins, calcium, caffeine, coffee, and alcohol.

An adult stomach functions as a reservoir to hold an average meal for 3 to 4 hours. The stomach empties at different rates depending on its size and the composition of the chyme.

The rate of passage, fastest to slowest, is liquids, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Which components can be absorbed in the stomach?

Villi decrease the surface area of the alimentary tract by contraction and compression.

Proteins can be broken down by which enzyme?

Passage of a permeable substance from a more to a less concentrated solution is called passive diffusion.

The portal circulation enables passage of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen through the portal vein to the liver. Most nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine through the mucosa into the portal circulation.

Most absorption occurs in the large intestine.

More than 1 trillion harmless bacteria thrive in the colon. Approximately 400 different species or microorganisms compose the microflora within the colon.

Prebiotics are food ingredients that must be digested to stimulate growth and activity of microorganisms.

Lactose intolerance is associated with a deficiency of lactase only.

Cellulose, a carbohydrate found in plants, cannot be completely digested because the human body lacks enzymes that can hydrolyze and break it down.

The salivary amylase, called ptyalin, initiates starch digestion.

Carbohydrates play the most significant role in the development of dental caries.

Cooking decreases the digestive process of some polysaccharides.

Which monosaccharide is the most sweet?

A sugar alcohol called xylitol that is produced from sugar beets, does not contribute tooth decay because oral bacteria lack the enzymes to ferment xylitol.

Dietary fiber is digested and absorbed in the stomach

The principle role of absorbed sugars is to provide energy for body functions and maintain body temperature.

Used in moderation, sugar substitutes are beneficial.

Complex carbohydrates are also called disaccharides.

How many monosaccharides does a carbohydrate need to contain to be "complex"?

A fermentable carbohydrate that can reduce salivary pH to less than 5.5 is cariogenic.

Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is less cariogenic than other sugars.

Which nonnutritive sweetener cannot be given to patients with phenylketonuria?

Excessive intake (more than 20 g per day) of sorbitol can lead to unintended weight loss as a result of chronic diarrhea. One stick of sugar-free gum contains about 1.25 g of sorbitol.

Consumption of caloric sweeteners is increasing faster than that of low-calorie sweeteners.

Types of soluble fibers are pectins, gums, psyllium, mucilages, and algal polysaccharides. Soluble fibers are important for their gel-forming ability, which results in increased viscosity of chime and delays gastric emptying.

Which snacks would the best choice for a dental hygienist to recommend to reduce the risk of dental caries?

Approximately 90% of commonly consumed snack foods contain fermentable carbohydrates.

Saccharin is not safe to recommend during pregnancy. It is known to cross the placenta.

As the digestive muscles become more toned, colonic pressure is diminished, not increased; this prevents the gut from bulging into pouches known as diverticula.

Ideal foods to recommend to patients to increase their fiber intake include

Which structures are a part of the alimentary canal?