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WorksheetsOutbreak investigation Lec 8
Total questions: 23
Worksheet time: 12mins
It is an unusual or unexpected occurrence in a community or region of a disease or specific health related events e.g (dengue fever) clearly in excess of expected occurrence.
Endemic
Pandemic
Epidemic
Hyperendemic
Outbreak investigation is
A systematic procedure to help identify causes and sources of outbreaks to control and prevent possible future ones.
The epidemic should be characterized using the criteria in the case definition.
It is an unusual or unexpected occurrence in a community or region of a disease or specific health related events
Is a set of standard criteria that used to decide whether or not a person has the disease of concern.
How many the objectives of Outbreaks Investigations
3
2
4
1
Four Objectives of Outbreak Investigations is
Establish the diagnosis and existence
Test the hypotheses
To determine the cause of the outbreak.
Establish case definition.
Steps of Outbreak Investigation
Establish the diagnosis and existence of the outbreak
Establish case definition
To determine the cause of the outbreak
A + B
Establish the Diagnosis and Existence of Outbreak
Laboratory tests (they Should be reliable and confirmed by another
All of the above
Clinical criteria
Epidemiological criteria may be added to clinical and laboratory diagnoses to restrict further cases under investigation.
Establish Case Definition
Is a set of standard criteria that used to decide whether or not a person has the disease of concern.
It must be uniformly applied for identifying cases of the outbreak during investigation.
A+B
All of the above
Case definition may have several sets of diagnostic criteria:
HIV Cases Definition
COVID-19 Case Definition
Cancer Case Definition
Hypertension Case Definition
-Characterise the Epidemic by Time, Place and Person , Persor
The epidemic should be characterized using the criteria in the case definition.
No data collection should be done unless case definition is established.
Non of the above
A+B
Time
By using Epidemic Curve
The epidemic time curve is a graph with the time on the "x" axis and the number of the new cases on the "y" axis.
Determine whether outbreak is common source, propagated or both.
Draw an epidemic curve and Estimate mean, minimum and max. incubation period.
All of the above
Place Dimension 1/ spot map
The accurate characterization of an epidemic involves the geographical location of cases
Epidemiologists determine the general location of disease by comparing trends in incidence rates
Knowing the characteristics of persons affected by the outbreak help to clarify the problem and its cause.
Place Dimension: 2/ Incidence Rate by Location
The accurate characterization of an epidemic involves the geographical location of cases.
Epidemiologists determine the general location of disease by comparing trends in incidence rates.
Knowing the characteristics of persons affected by the outbreak help to clarify the problem and its cause.
Person Dimension
The accurate characterization of an epidemic involves the geographical location of cases.
Epidemiologists determine the general location of disease by comparing trends in incidence rates
Knowing the characteristics of persons affected by the outbreak help to clarify the problem and its cause.
Develop Hypotheses Regarding Source , Type and Route of Spread
Source of infection.
Pattern or type of spread of epidemic.
Route of spread and mode of transmission.
All of the above
Test the Hypotheses
Laboratory studies
Doing case control
Cohort studies
All of the above
Refine Hypotheses and Carry Out Additional Studies
Detailed pathological, serological, microbiological and virologic examination to detect the cause.
Cross-sectional serological survey of all units/sheds to determine the extent and progress of infection.
Surveys of animals in contact to determine whether infection had spread.
All of the above
Strategies to stop the outbreak must be put in place as soon as possible is
Initiate Control and Preventive Measures
Refine Hypotheses and Carry Out Additional Studies
Test the Hypotheses
Develop Hypotheses Regarding
Objectives of preventive measures
To prevent disease transmission to humans
To ensure that the risk of similar outbreak is reduced
To prevent similar outbreaks in the future
To end the outbreak
All of the above
Types of initiate Control and Preventive Measures
Sanitation
Prophylaxis
Early diagnoses and treatment
All of the above
Control of the disease vector to limit the transmission
Sanitation
Removing the pathogenic agents from the source of infection (water, food,contaminated surfaces).
Removing human source of infection to prevent the spread disease to others (quarantine, isolation).
A + B
Give antibiotics
Prophylaxis
Putting a barrier to the infection within the susceptible hosts.
Immunization.
Give antibiotics (e.g in entry point).
All of the above
performing PCR, surveillance example of:
Sanitation
Prophylaxis
Early diagnoses and treatment
Control of the disease vector to limit the transmission
Communicate the Findings
The written report include an introduction, background, methods, results, discussion, and recommendations.
The communications by oral and written reports.
It is important to communicate your findings to the local health authorities and to those responsible for implementing control and prevention measures
All of the above
