bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons between atoms

bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

a molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed

creating a positive charge on one side and a negative

charge on the other; for example a water molecule

the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge

smallest unit of most compounds

substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

any molecule that is produced by a living organism; examples are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

small unit that can join together with other small units to form a polymer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

a process of bonding monomers together in a chemical reaction to form polymers (typically through dehydration synthesis)

a combination of two or more things in order to make something new

a chemical reaction that bonds molecules together by

losing a water molecule; monomers are linked together to become polymers

a chemical reaction that breaks molecules apart by adding a water molecule; polymers are broken down into monomers

biomolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

utilized as a primary energy source for living things;

used for structure in plant cell walls - cellulose

single sugar molecule; monomer of a carbohydrate; for example glucose

two monosaccharides chemically bonded together

polymer formed from chemically bonding together many monosaccharides; for example starch

macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms (very very few oxygen atoms)

used to store energy and provide insulation; important parts of biological membranes such as the cell membrane; common categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes

the backbone of many lipid molecules

important component of a lipid molecule

a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN

a source of nitrogen; control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes; used to form bones, muscle, hair, skin, etc.; transport things in and out of cells; help fight disease; NOT a primary source of energy (common misconception)

monomer of proteins (polypeptides)

covalent bond joining amino acids in a protein (polypeptide)

macromolecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and PHOSPHORUS (P)

function to store and transmit heredity, or genetic

information; ex. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA)

monomer of nucleic acids; 3 parts are:

1) Nitrogen base

2) Sugar compound

3) Phosphate group

set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes

energy currency for the cell; energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in this molecule

a high-energy chemical bond that is especially important between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in an ATP molecule

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

protein that acts as a biological catalyst; it speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

energy needed to get a chemical reaction started

typical enzyme ending

reactant in a chemical reaction using an enzyme

the small portion of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction

a substrate bound to the active site of an enzyme

process of altering the shape of a protein or enzyme due to heat or pH

the basic unit of life

1. All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.

2. The cell is the basic unit of life.

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

single-celled organism lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; for example cyanobacteria

organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other

membrane-bound organelles; for example ameoba

organelles in eukaryotic cells that are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane

a lipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

example of a prokaryote

example of eukaryote (check all that apply)

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell

a mixture of a solute in a solvent

the gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two regions

transport where molecules move down a concentration gradient from HIGH to LOW; no energy required

a type of passive transport of molecules from a high

to low concentration; no energy required

diffusion with the help of a "door" or protein CHANNEL; type of passive transport

facilitated diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane; a type of passive transport

when the concentration of two solutions is the same; a cell will stay the SAME size

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes; a cell will SHRINK

(ex. salt water)

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes; a cell will SWELL (ex. pure distilled water)

ENERGY-REQUIRING process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient from LOW to HIGH

a protein in the cell membrane that pumps out or in solutes or ions from a low concentration to a high concentration; type of active transport

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by folding in the cell membrane; type of active transport

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material; type of active transport

uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples such as plant and animal specialized cells

separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular

organisms such as animals and plants

specialized plant cell; typically in the leaf that regulates the stomata

openings between guard cells that allows for gas exchange and transpiration

producers use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as glucose

breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration takes place

Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Reactants of photosynthesis and products of cellular respiration

Products of photosynthesis and reactants of cellular respiration

this energy is transferred into the chemical bonds of glucose during photosynthesis

the energy in these bonds is transferred to the

phosphate bonds in ATP during cellular respiration

The energy in these bonds is transferred to: 1. cellular activities (chemical reactions/metabolism) 2. metabolic heat

a molecule used as energy currency for the cell; the bond between the 2nd an 3rd phosphate groups is the most important for storing and releasing energy

the product of removing the 3rd phosphate group

from a molecule of ATP in order to release energy

organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

organelle in which cell respiration takes place

organelle that is responsible for storing water in a plant cell

organelle that is responsible for digesting worn out cell parts or invaders

organelle that is responsible for producing proteins

structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell

process by which a single parent reproduces by itself; offspring genetically identical to parent

means "division in half" type of asexual reproduction (example: prokaryotes/bacteria)

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions; includes G1, S, & G2 phases

period of cell growth

period where DNA replication occurs

the original parent DNA strands

to make a copy of an organism's DNA

the new daughter strands

term meaning that a DNA molecules has 1 old strand and 1 new strand

speed up chemical reactions such as DNA replication by lowering the activation energy

enzyme that unzips DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases; it cracks the code

enzyme that adds new nucleotide to each original strand

cell prepares, or gets ready, for cell division

mitosis and cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides (nuclear division)

first and longest phase of mitosis; chromosomes become visible and nuclear envelope breaks down

second phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

third phase of mitosis; chromosomes pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

fourth and final phase of mitosis; chromosomes uncoil and two new nuclear envelopes form

division of the cytoplasm during cell division

where cytoplasm pinches in during cytokinesis (animal cells)

structure that divided the cytoplasm in plant cells during cytokinesis

one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

fanlike system of microtubules that help separate the chromosomes during mitosis

uncoiled DNA

a strand of DNA that is visible because it is coiled up tightly

one of two identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome

original cell

new cells

body cells (diploid 2N)-- NOT sex cells like sperm/egg (haploid N)

term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes (ex: humans 2N = 46; 23 from dad + 23 from mom) --NOT haploid (N)

any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body

disorder in which some of the body's own cells cannot stop dividing; they have lost the ability to control the cell cycle

mass of growing tissue that may form when a cell or group of cells begin to grow and divide uncontrollably

resting phase; cancer cells CANNOT enter this phase

a biomolecule that stores and transmits genetic information such as DNA

called deoxyribonucleic acid; holds the code to make proteins

a characteristic of an organism that is determined by specific proteins coded in the DNA

a long strand of DNA all coiled up

a single step in natural descent of a species

the passage of genetic instructions from one generation to the next generation

the monomer of DNA; made of 3 parts--deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

the sugar in DNA that is covalently bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

group that covalently bonds to the deoxyribose sugar along the sides

the sides of a DNA molecule; sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate, etc.

A, T, C, G in the middle of DNA; the order determines traits, or characteristics

nitrogenous base "A"; connects to thymine

nitrogenous base "T"; connects to adenine

nitrogenous base "G"; connects to cytosine

nitrogenous base "C"; connects to guanine

the rule of how nitrogenous bases are paired: A-T, G-C (- = hydrogen bond)

another term for base pair but includes the sugar and phosphate groups also

the spiral shape of DNA like a staircase

one side of DNA is upside down and the other is right side up (3' to 5', 5' to 3')

chemical bond where electrons are shared between atoms

A, T, C, and G; all living organisms use the same 4-letter code to make proteins

all of the chromosomes of a species (ex. humans have 2 pairs of 23 for a total of 46)

A representation (drawing or 3D) of an object, law, theory or event used as a tool for understanding the

natural world; all have limitations

Chemical process that occurs in living organisms such as protein synthesis, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, etc.

To make

To make a polypeptide (protein) through transcription and translation

Chain of amino acids; a protein contains one or more of these

The name of bond that holds amino acids together

Specifically designed to build or operate a component of a living cell (ex. human insulin & hemoglobin)

A characteristic of an organism that is determined by protein structure & function (ex. hitchhiker's thumb)

Section of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Deoxyribose sugar vs. ribose sugar, thymine vs. uracil, and double strand vs. single strand

Nitrogenous base specific to RNA in place of thymine (A-U)

The process where a part of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of messenger RNA

The type of RNA that carries a copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes

The DNA strand that is used as the code to "build" a complementary strand of mRNA

Enzyme that assembles the mRNA complementary strand by joining ribonucleotides

Nucleotide that has ribose as the sugar; monomer of RNA

Three-nucleotide base sequence (triplet) on DNA and mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

Location of transcription in eukaryotes

Location of transcription in prokaryotes (bacteria)

Decoding of a mRNA sequence into a polypeptide chain / protein

Location of translation in ALL cells

Type of RNA that transfers the amino acids to the ribosome

Type of RNA that transfers the amino acids to the ribosome

Three-nucleotide base sequence (triplet) on tRNA that codes for an amino acid

Location of "free-floating" amino acids

Type of RNA that makes up ribosomes and aids in translating mRNA into a protein

The 4-letter code; always use the chart reading the mRNA strand

Change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Mutation involving change in one nucleotide; example is a substitution

Mutations that produce changes in a gene as opposed to changes in whole chromosomes

Point mutation in which one nitrogeneous base (nucleotide) is changed to another

Mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message; includes insertions and deletions

Frame-shift mutation where a nucleotide is added to the genetic material

Frame-shift mutation where a nucleotide is deleted from the genetic material

Mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein; also called neutral

Importance

Can be neutral with no effect, harmful by producing defective proteins/traits, or beneficial by increasing chance of survival

The multi-step process of turning the code of a gene into its final product (most often a protein)

Region of DNA that indicates to RNA polymerase where to bind in order to make RNA

Parts of DNA that do NOT code for a protein; get "cut" out of mRNA

Parts of DNA that do code for a protein; get left in mRNA

A process where a cell determines which genes it will express and not express; turning genes "on and off"

An example of gene regulation in bacteria when the lac gene is turned off or turned on to make an enzyme (protein) to break down lactose sugar

Cells that can differentiate into a variety of specialized cells in multicellular organisms

Cells with specific structures and functions (ex. blood cells, epithelial cells, sperm cells, guard cells, etc.)

The process directed by the DNA code for converting stem cells into more specialized cell types in multicellular organisms

Holds the code that determines which traits

(proteins) will be expressed to make a cell specialized

Carries the code from DNA and helps assemble the proteins that make cells become specialized

Radiation, toxic chemicals, temperature, nutrition, etc. can alter gene expression and cell differentiation