Change in morphology like makahiya thorns

Chemical repellants

Dormancy during harsh winter

Hormonal mediation

In the case of exposure to a unidirectional moving fluid, which is/are the plant avoidance strategy/ies

In the case of exposure to a unidirectional moving fluid, which is/are the plant tolerance strategy/ies

Plant recovery from stress depends on:

Introduction of milder stress before extreme stress

Changes in genes occurring through time to withstand stress

Solid lines indicate:

Dashed lines indicate:

Blue lines indicate:

Red lines indicate:

How did Latus tenuis recover from submergence/water flooding

Stressed or not?

Stressed or not?

BCA, infected soil

Depending on species and environmental conditions, respiration consumes ___% of all the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis - even more at extremely slow growth rates.

Respiration in plants can also proceed in a manner that produces heat. This type of respiration involves the cyanide-resistant, alternative _______; it is unique to plants, and resides in the mitochondria.

Plant respiration: Glucose is most commonly cited as the substrate for respiration. However, in a functioning plant cell the reduced carbon is derived from sources such as the disaccharide sucrose, hexose phosphates, and triose phosphates from starch degradation and photosynthesis, fructose-containing polymers (fructans), and other sugars, as well as lipids (primarily triacylglycerols), organic acids, and on occasion proteins.

Typically, there are about ____ mitochondria per cell, representing around __% of the cell volume.

The inner mitochondrial membrane is completely ____________ even to small molecules (with the exception of O2, CO2, and H2O)

Both mitochondrial membranes are rich in

Mitochondria also helps to maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell

The plant cell mobilizes the large amount of free energy released in the oxidation of sucrose in a series of step-by-step reactions.

Glycolysis: In a subsequent energy-conserving phase, the triose phosphates are oxidized and rearranged to yield two molecules of ________.

In most plant tissues, sucrose synthase is used to break down sucrose by combining it with uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP) to produce fructose and UDP-glucose. The UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase enzyme then converts UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate (PPi) into uridine triphosphate (UTP) and glucose-6-phosphate.

Converts starch into triose phosphates using a separate set of glycolytic isozymes that convert hexose phosphates to triose phosphates.

The __________ glycolytic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPCp) converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-bisPGA), which is then converted into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) by __________ phosphoglycerate kinase (PGKp).

Assimilation of CO2 during photosynthesis leads to 3-PGA production, which is then converted into triose phosphates by the sequential reactions of the photosynthetic isoforms of PGK and GAPDH (GAPA/GAPB). The 3-PGA production through glycolysis would then be a wasteful process in chloroplasts at least during the _____. Because of this, it was postulated that in chloroplasts, glycolysis would occur in the _____ when the Calvin cycle is not operative (Anoman et al., 2016).

The Initial phase of glycolysis. The substrates from different sources are channelled into triose phosphate. For each molecule of sucrose that is metabolized, _ molecules of triose phosphate (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) are formed. The process also requires an input of up to _______

An alternative end product, phosphoenolpyruvate, can be converted to malate for mitochondrial oxidation; NADH can be reoxidized during ____________ by either lactate dehydrogenase or alcohol dehydrogenase

Control of the oxidative pathway. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is controlled by the initial reaction of the pathway catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the activity of which is markedly inhibited by a high ratio of NADPH to NADP+.

The little operation of the oxidative pathway is likely to occur in the chloroplast because the end products of the pathway, fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, are being synthesized by the _______________. Therefore, the mass action will drive the non-oxidative interconversions of the pathway in the direction of pentose synthesis.

The vast majority of ATP is synthesized in the process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is linked to a process known as electron transport.

If electron transport stops or if the inner mitochondrial membrane’s impermeability to protons is compromised, oxidative phosphorylation will _____ occur

For each molecule of sucrose oxidized through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle pathways, 4 molecules of NADH are generated in the cytosol and 16 molecules of NADH plus 4 molecules of FADH2 are generated in the mitochondrial matrix.

The Electron Transport Chain catalyzes a flow of electrons from ____ to ____

The electron transport chain of plants contains the same set of electron carriers found in mitochondria from other organisms.

Electrons from NADH generated in the mitochondrial matrix during the citric acid cycle are oxidized by

Is a membrane bound enzyme of the citric acid cycle that plays a role in the electron transport process, transferring electrons from its covalently bound FADH2 to coenzyme Q.

The complex contains 11 subunits, a 2-iron ferredoxin, cytochromes b and c1 and belongs to the family of oxidoreductase enzymes. It accepts electrons from coenzyme Q in electron transport and passes them off to cytochrome c. In this cycle, known as the Q cycle, electrons arrive from CoQ in pairs, but get passed to cytochrome c individually.

This complex contains two copper centers (CuA and CuB) and two cytochromes (see figure below, right-side); is the terminal oxidase and brings about the four-electron reduction of O2 to two molecules of H2O. Two protons are pumped per electron pair. Both structurally and functionally, ubiquinone and the cytochrome bc1 complex are very similar to plastoquinone and the cytochrome b6f complex, respectively, in the photosynthetic electron transport chain

Unique Electron Transport Enzymes to Plant Mitochondria

The malonate, malate, and oxaloacetate inhibit the movement of electrons through:

Common inhibitors of electron transport include rotenone and amytal, which stop movement of electrons past:

The antimycin A, stops the movement of electrons that pass:

Cyanide, carbon monoxide, azide, and hydrogen sulfide, inhibit electron movement in:

Rotenone, amytal, antimycin inhibit:

The complete oxidation of a sucrose molecule leads to the net formation of: 8 ATP, 20 NADH, 4 FADH2

Factors affecting respiration

Which statement is false

The biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and polar glycerolipids requires the cooperation of two organelles: the plastids and the:

In plants, fatty acids are synthesized exclusively in the

In ____________, the prokaryotic pathway utilizes the 16:0- and 18:1-ACP products of chloroplast fatty acid synthesis to synthesize phosphatidic acid and its derivatives.

In ____________, the eukaryotic pathway uses a separate set of acyltransferases in the ER to incorporate the fatty acids into phosphatidic acid and its derivatives.

Which statement is false