Each kidney contains approximately (each consisting of a glomerulus and associated tubules) how many nephrons?

Kidney function is best measured by?

It is created by the gradient between the high concentration of plasma proteins within the capillary and the almost protein-free ultrafiltrate in Bowman’s space?

The GFR may be estimated by measurement of the this and is derived from muscle metabolism?

In this clinical setting, serum creatinine is an insensitive measure of decreased renal function because its level does not rise above normal until GFR falls by?

The GFR is optimally measured by the clearance of?

These are examples of Mesangial cell diseases, except?

The infections from this organism are common in children and can lead to the postinfectious complication of acute glomerulonephritis

(GN)?

These serotypes are assocaited with epidemics of nephritis in association

with throat, except?

The most common small vessel vasculitis in childhood?

It s characterized by pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. The disease results from attack on organs by antibodies directed against certain epitopes of type IV collagen?

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis presents with fever, abdominal pain, and peritoneal signs. The most common causative organism is?

Relapse of nephrotic syndrome is defined as, except?

A disease state characterized by a normal anion gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis in the setting of normal or near-normal glomerular filtration rate?

The biochemical features including hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis with hypercalciuria, resemble those seen with chronic use of loop diuretics?

It is called the diluting segment.

In a person having metabolic acidosis, the following are expected outcomes, except?

Which of the following substances has the highest renal clearance?

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

The mainstay of therapy in all forms of RTA is?

Stressed volume is found on what blood vessels?

It contains the highest proportion of blood in the cardiovascular system?

The highest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle?

It represents the entire period of depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles?

Stroke volume × Heart rate?

What part of the cardiac cycle represents the beginning of the QRS complex, which represents electrical activation of the ventricles?

Baroreceptor reflex includes several fast neural mechanisms. The set point for mean arterial pressure in the vasomotor center is about how many mm Hg?

Three cardiovascular structures unique to the fetus are important for maintaining this parallel circulation, except?

The placenta is not as efficient an oxygen exchange organ as the lungs. What vessel provides the highest level of oxygen to the fetus?

The foramen ovale is usually functionally closed by how many month/s of life?

Functional closure of the ductus arteriosus is usually complete by how long in a normal neonate?

The 1st heart sound is caused by closure of the?

This heart sound may be normal in an adolescent with a relatively slow heart rate, but in a patient with the clinical signs of heart failure and tachycardia, it may be heard as a gallop rhythm.

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. An example of which is?

What type of congenital heart defect is most common in children?

What type of Congenital Heart Defect is seen in children with Down's Syndrome?

PDA is associated with the following except?

It is involved in the regulation of blood pressure in response to hemorrhage, but not in minute-to-minute regulation of normal blood pressure.

This substance is produced by endothelial cells that causes smooth muscle to relax. What is that substance?

The tendency for blood flow to be turbulent is increased by?

If the heart rate is 70 beats/min, then the cardiac output of this ventricle is closest to?

Tetralogy of Fallot is one of the conotruncal family of heart lesions in which the primary defect is an anterior deviation of the infundibular septum. The following are components of TOF, except?

This accounts for ≈5% of all congenital heart disease. Chest x-rays may show mild cardiomegaly, a narrow mediastinum (the classic “egg-shaped heart”), and normal to increased pulmonary blood flow.

In this CHD, the heart has no direct pulmonary venous connection into the left atrium. The pulmonary veins may drain above the diaphragm into the right atrium directly, into the coronary sinus, or into the superior vena cava via a “vertical vein,” A large supracardiac shadow can be seen, which together with the normal cardiac shadow forms a “snowman” appearance.

Which of the following substances is released from neurons in the GI tract and produces smooth muscle relaxation?

Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits?

Which of the following substances must be further digested before it can be absorbed by specific carriers in intestinal cells?

Infants show preferences to sweet and salty foods at what age?

Which of the following changes occurs during defecation?

The most serious complication of oropharyngeal dysphagia is?

Differential diagnoses for emesis seen in both infants and children except?

Bleeding that originates in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum can cause?

The use of PPI in treatment of GERD is associated with these potential complications, except?

The most common clinical association of pyloric stenosis?

Criteria for diagnosis of pyloric stenosis include the following, except?

The surgical procedure of choice for pyloric stenosis is?

Criteria for chronic constipation in infants and toddlers except?

At what weeks of gestation can a fetus can swallow amniotic fluid?

Nutritive sucking in neonates develops at about what weeks of gestation?

Indirect hyperbilirubinemia, which occurs commonly in normal newborns, tends to tint the sclerae and skin with what color?

Traditionally, lung volumes are measured with a?

It is the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during each breath?

A decrease in Functional Residual Capacity is often encountered in alveolar interstitial diseases and thoracic deformities. The major pathophysiologic consequence of decreased FRC is?

The adverse pathophysiologic consequences of decrease FRC are ameliorated by application of?

These fibers are slow-twitch, high-oxidative in nature, and have low contractility but are fatigue resistant

It is a hallmark of extrathoracic airway obstruction.

Stretch receptors decrease the respiratory rate due to an inhibition of inspiratory muscle activity and an increase in exhalation time. What do you call this reflex?

It remains the chief stimulus for ventilation, which is predominantly dependent on peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation?

These sinuses are present at birth?

What organism is the most common cause of pneumonia in a 3wk to 4yr old child?

It is characterized by irreversible abnormal dilation and anatomic distortion of the bronchial tree and represents a common end stage of a many nonspecific and unrelated antecedent events. Cystic fibrosis is the most common cause.

Catamenial pneumothorax, an unusual condition that is related to the following, except?

In the hemoglobin - o2 dissociation curve, the following conditions will shift the curve to the right, except?

Which of the following is the site of highest airway resistance?