WorksheetsLipids
Total questions: 66
Worksheet time: 52mins
Fatty acids can be classified into two types:
Monocarboxylic acids
Unsaturated
Saturated
Carboxylic
It is naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid that can be classified into two AND are linear and unbranched carbon chain
Fatty acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
An organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly) soluble in water but soluble in non polar organic solvents
(a)
How are lipids classified?
Unsaturated
Biochemical Function
Saponification
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Classification of Lipids based on Biochemical Function and what are the specific lipids under their category?
Saponification reaction is a hydrolysis reaction that occurs in a acidic solution
T
F
Are Triacyglycerols, phospholipids, sphigoglycolipids, cholesterol, and biological waxes, saponifiable lipid or nonsaponifiable?
NONSAPONIFIABLE
SAPONIFIABLE
Bile acids, steroid hormones, and eicosanoids, are these saponifiable and nonsaponifiable
Saponifiable
Nonsaponifiable
Number of carbon atoms in Fatty acids
This is a fatty acids with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-carbon DOUBLE bonds are present and up to six double bonds are found in biochemically important
PUFAs
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Monounsaturated Fatty acid
Fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon-carbon double is present
Monounsaturated fatty acid
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Why are short chain fatty acid sparingly soluble in water?
Because of carboxylic group that is polar
Because they nonpolar
Because their hydrocaarbon chain completely dominates solubility considerations
Melting point of fatty acids depends on what?
Length of carbon chain
Degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds in a molecule)
Number of “bends” in a fatty acid chain increases as the number of double bond increases
How does the “bends” in fatty acids affect the melting point?
Tend to be liquid at room temperature
Less packing occurs
MP is lower
MP is higher
Tend to be solid at room temperature
T or F: The higher the double bond in fatty acids = the lower the melting points
T
F
T OR F: number of bends in FA chain increases = the double bond decrease
T
F
Why are the “bends” of fatty acids helpful?
They are helpful because they prevent unsaturated FA from packing together = won’t solidify
They are helpful because they prevent saturated FA from packing together = won’t solidify
Most widespread energy storage material present in small amounts
(a)
Where can we find the major energy storage TRIACYLGLYCEROL in our body (specifically in which cell0
(a)
In terms of functional group this type of lipid has TRIESTERS or three ester functional group
Sphingoglycolipids
Triacylglycerol
Eiocinosides
Bile Acid
This a type of triacyglycerol which the triester formed from esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acid molecule and these are naturally occurring and are rare
Simple Triacyglycerol
Mixed Triacylglycerol
This is a type of triacyglycerol which triester formed the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid molecule
Mixed Triacyglyceol
Simple Triacyglycerol
These are triacyglycerols in which is predominantly saturated and solids or semisolids at room temperature and the source are from animal
Fats
Oils
These are unsaturated triacylglycerols with larger amounts of mono and polyunsaturated (“bends”) fatty acids than those in fats and this cannot pack as tightly.
These are also liquids at room tempp and source from plants, fish oil, and are colorless
Oils
Fats
What is the current recommended amount for total fat intake in calories?????
15% Monounsaturated Fat
10% Polyunsaturated Fat
<10% saturated Fat
35% Saturated Fat
What are considered as “bad fats”?
Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
What are considered as “good fats” ?
Omega 6
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Saturated
What are considered “good” and “bad” fats?
Saturated
Polyunsaturated
Monounsaturated
Omega fts
American diest is high in omega __ fatty acids and deficientt in omega___ fatty acids and fish are good source of omega __ fatty acids
3,6,6
6,3,6
6,3,3
Where should essential fatty acids must be obtained from and why?
Linoleic Acid (18:2) form what omega fat and what acid (a,a)
(a)
Linolenic acid (18:3) what omega fat does it form and form DHA that is important for what growth?
(a)
This is the reverse of the esterification reaction by which it was formed and in the human body it occurs during digestion (start with TAG then ens up with glycerol and three fatty acid)
(a)
This is when one or more fatty acid residue remains
Complete hydrolysis
Partial Hydrolysis
This is when all three fatty acids are removed
Complete hydrolysis
Partial hydrolysis
This is hydrolysis in basic solution (NaOH or KOH) and the products are fatty acid and glycerol salts or carboxylic salt
THIS FORMS A POLAR HEAD this can be found in soaps in which the polar head will surround the dirt and forms a micelle
(a)
A addition of hydrogen across C-C multiple bonds which INCREASES degree of saturation and leads to increase in the melting point
Layman term: nag aadd ng hydrogen para maging saturated = no double bonds
Ex. Peanut oil —> peanut butter
Liquid Plant oil (liquid) —> Margarine (solid) healthy or not?
Hydrogenation
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Saponifcation
This is when the double bonds in TAGS are subjected to ______ with oxygen and leads to C=C breakage that produces both aldehyde and carboxylic acid products
Hydrolyssis
Oxidation
Antioxidants
Hydrogenation
This is when we do not want the TAGS to be oxidize by adding preservatives
We uses this as protectants
Example: vit c and vit e —> mabilis mag oxidize
Hydrolysis
Antioxidants
Oxidation
Saponification
Lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a PHOSPHATE GROUP, PLATFORM Molecule to which fatty ACIDS and the phosphate group are attached, and ALCOHOL that is attached to the phosphate
Sphingoglycolipid
Phospholipid
Triacyglycerol
Eocinoside
This lipid contains TWO FATTY ACIDS and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phostphate group. This is polar and contains three este linkages. The alcohol that is attached can be choline, ethanolomine, and serine.
Sphingoglycolipid
TAGS
Glycerolphospolipid
Sphingophospholipid
A lipid that contains ONE FA and one phosphate group and attached to a SPHINGOSINE and an ALCOHOL attached to a phosphate
Sphingoglycolipid
Sphingophospholipid
This are sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol is esetrified to the phosphate group is CHOLINE and are found in. All cell membranes. This are important structural components of the myelin sheath of neurons
(a)
This is a lipid that contains BOTH FA and a CARBOHYDRATE component attached to a Sphingosine molecule.
The FA attached to the sphingosine through an AMIDE LINKAGE, and a monosacc or oligosacc is attached to the sphingosine at the terminal -OH carbon atom through a GLYCOSIDIC linkage
(a)
This is the SIMPLIEST sphingoglycolipid and contain a SINGLE monosacc either glucose or galactose and this occurs in brain
Cerebrosides
Gangliosides
This is a complex sphingoglycolipids and contain a branched chain of up to 7 monosacharides residues and. This occurs in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath
Cereborsides
Gangliosides
Wht are the components of cell membrane?
Cholesterol
Sphingoglycolipid
Sphingophosphollipid
Glycogen
Phospholipid
This has no fattty acid residue present and neither sphingosine is present as the platform molecule
This is a STEROID and a lipid whose structure is based on a fused-ring THREE 6 member rings and 1 5 member rings.
Liver synthesizes 1g of this every day.
Cholesterol
Phospholipid
Cell membrane
is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous-based interior from
the aqueous environment surrounding the cell.
It is a lipid bilayer; a two-layer-thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the NP tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the POLAR surfaces of the structure.
(a)
Cholesterol helps regulate membrane (a) : the fused-ring system does not allow rotation of fatty acid tails in the vicinity
• Fits between fatty acid chains of the lipid bilayer
Higher temp = low f
Low temp = high f
What are the roles of proteins in cell membrane and what are the two membrane protein?
Transport food
transport nutrients and electrolytes
They act as receptors
Integral and peripheral
Substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution
(a)
Cholesterol derivative that functions as an emulsifying agent that makes
dietary lipids soluble in aqueous environment of the digestive tract
• Obtained by oxidation of cholesterol, bile acids differ structurally from cholesterol in three
respects:
o They are tri- or dihydroxy cholesterol derivatives.
o The carbon 17 side chain of cholesterol has been oxidized to a carboxylic acid. o The oxidized acid side chain is bonded to an amino acid (either glycine or taurine)
through an amide linkage.
(a)
: A fluid containing emulsifying agents secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder,
and released into the small intestine during digestion
Composition of ——salts
(a)
is a biochemical substance, produced by a ductless gland, that has a messenger
function.
Adrenocorticoid hormone
Hormone
Steroid Hormone
Sex Hormones
Is a hormone that is a cholesterol
(a)
Sex hormones are to control repoduction AND SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS WHAT ARE AN EXAMPLES OF SEX HORMONES?
ESTROGEN
ANNDROGENS
PROGESTINS
GLUCORTICOIDS
THIS IS A TYPE OF STEROID HORMONE BUT REGULATE NUMEROUS BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS IN THE BODY
(a)
Control the balance of Na and K ions in cells
Mineral corticoids
Glucocorticoids
an oxygenated C20 fatty acid derivative that functions as a messenger lipid
(a)
The metabolic precurso for most eicosanoids is (a) , the 20:4 FA
C20-fatty-acid derivative containing cyclopentane ring and oxygen-
containing functional groups. Involved in:
o Raising body temperature
o Inhibiting the secretion of gastric juices
o Increasing the secretion of a protective mucus layer into the stomach o Relaxing and contracting smooth muscle
o Directing water and electrolyte balance
o Intensifying pain and enhancing inflammation responses
Prostaglandin
Thromboxane
Leukotiene
C20-fatty-acid derivative containing a cyclic ether ring and oxygen-containing functional groups
o promote platelet aggregation
Thromboxane
Leukotriene
Prostaglandin
C20-fatty-acid derivative containing three conjugated double bonds and hydroxy
groups
o Promote inflammatory and hypersensitivity (ALLERGY) responses
Leukotriene
Thromboxane
Protaglandin
Is a lipid that is a monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long chain alcohol. They are water repellant because of the presence of nonpolarity. They are saturated and contain 14 to 36 carbon atoms
Biological wax
Saponifiable lipids
Saponifiable lipids are lipids that can undergo hydrolysis
