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WorksheetsFallacies 1-44 Review
Total questions: 124
Worksheet time: 1hrs 2mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"
a)
Talk double talk
b)
Talk in vague generalities
c)
Shift the ground
d)
A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them
2.
"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"
a)
Throw in some statistics
b)
Seek your vested interests
c)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
d)
Special Pleading Fallacy
3.
"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."
a)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
b)
Shift the burden of proof
c)
Shift the ground
d)
The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.
4.
"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."
a)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
b)
Throw in some statistics
c)
Talk in vague generalities
d)
"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."
5.
"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."
a)
Oversimplify the issue
b)
Ignore the evidence
c)
Talk double talk
d)
"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."
6.
"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."
a)
Raise nothing but objections
b)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
c)
Seek your vested interests
d)
Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.
7.
"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."
a)
Shift the ground
b)
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
c)
Talk in vague generalities
d)
Shift the ground
8.
"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."
a)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
b)
Insist loudly on a minor point
c)
Seek your vested interests
d)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
9.
"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."
a)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
b)
Burden of Proof Fallacy
c)
Shift the burden of proof
d)
Shift the ground
10.
"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."
a)
Talk double talk
b)
Use double standards
c)
Throw in some statistics
d)
Talk in vague generalities
11.
"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."
a)
Red Herring Fallacy
b)
Attack evidence that undermines your case
c)
Ignore the evidence
d)
Talk double talk
12.
"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."
a)
Throw in a red herring
b)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
c)
Shift the ground
d)
Seek your vested interests
13.
"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"
a)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
b)
Ignore the evidence
c)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
d)
Talk in vague generalities
14.
A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.
a)
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
b)
Ignore the evidence
c)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
d)
Seek your vested interests
15.
A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)
a)
Insist loudly on a minor point
b)
A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.
c)
Talk double talk
d)
Shift the burden of proof
16.
A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.
a)
Burden of Proof Fallacy
b)
Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.
c)
Red Herring Fallacy
d)
Throw in some statistics
17.
A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them
a)
Use double standards
b)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
c)
Throw in a red herring
d)
Ignore the evidence
18.
A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.
a)
Attack evidence that undermines your case
b)
A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.
c)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
d)
Talk double talk
19.
Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.
a)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
b)
Raise nothing but objections
c)
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
d)
Throw in some statistics
20.
Apiorism
a)
Ignore the evidence
b)
Oversimplify the issue
c)
Insist loudly on a minor point
d)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
21.
Argument by Pigheadedness
a)
Ignore the evidence
b)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
c)
Burden of Proof Fallacy
d)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
22.
Attack evidence that undermines your case
a)
A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.
b)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
c)
Use double standards
d)
Oversimplify the issue
23.
Attack evidence that undermines your case
a)
Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.
b)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
c)
Attack evidence that undermines your case
d)
Raise nothing but objections
24.
Attacking an opponent's inconsistency
a)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
b)
Raise nothing but objections
c)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
d)
Shift the ground
25.
Burden of Proof Fallacy
a)
A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.
b)
Ignore the main point
c)
Ignore the evidence
d)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
26.
By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.
a)
Raise nothing but objections
b)
Apiorism
c)
Ignore the evidence
d)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
27.
By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.
a)
Oversimplify the issue
b)
Argument by Pigheadedness
c)
A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.
d)
Talk double talk
28.
Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.
a)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
b)
Invincible Ignorance Fallacy
c)
Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.
d)
Red Herring Fallacy
29.
Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.
a)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
b)
Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.
c)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
d)
Throw in a red herring
30.
Hasty Generalization Fallacy
a)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
b)
Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.
c)
A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.
d)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
31.
If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.
a)
Raise nothing but objections
b)
Ignoratio elenchu
c)
Raise nothing but objections
d)
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
32.
Ignoratio elenchu
a)
Ignore the main point
b)
Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.
c)
Oversimplify the issue
d)
Insist loudly on a minor point
33.
Ignore the evidence
a)
Apiorism
b)
A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)
c)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
d)
Burden of Proof Fallacy
34.
Ignore the evidence
a)
Argument by Pigheadedness
b)
Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.
c)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
d)
Use double standards
35.
Ignore the evidence
a)
Invincible Ignorance Fallacy
b)
Ignore the evidence
c)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
d)
Attack evidence that undermines your case
36.
Ignore the evidence
a)
Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.
b)
Spin, spin, spin
c)
Raise nothing but objections
d)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
37.
Ignore the evidence
a)
Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.
b)
Attacking an opponent's inconsistency
c)
Ignore the main point
d)
Ignore the evidence
38.
Ignore the main point
a)
Ignoratio elenchu
b)
Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.
c)
Apiorism
d)
Ignore the evidence
39.
Ignore the main point
a)
Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.
b)
Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.
c)
Argument by Pigheadedness
d)
A tactic used by manipulators when evidence is used that is contradictory to their own argument, and they can't disprove it.
40.
Insist loudly on a minor point
a)
A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)
b)
"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."
c)
Invincible Ignorance Fallacy
d)
Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.
41.
Insist loudly on a minor point
a)
Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.
b)
Hasty Generalization Fallacy
c)
Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.
d)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
42.
Invincible Ignorance Fallacy
a)
Ignore the evidence
b)
Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.
c)
Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.
d)
A logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to evade their burden of proof, by denying it, pretending to have fulfilled it, or shifting it to someone else.
43.
Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.
a)
Spin, spin, spin
b)
A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.
c)
Ignoratio elenchu
d)
Raise nothing but objections
44.
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
a)
Attacking an opponent's inconsistency
b)
Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.
c)
Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.
d)
Oversimplify the issue
45.
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
a)
Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.
b)
Seek your vested interests
c)
A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)
d)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
46.
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
a)
Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.
b)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
c)
Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.
d)
Rewrite history (have it your way)
47.
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
a)
"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."
b)
Throw in a red herring
c)
Ignore the evidence
d)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
48.
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
a)
Hasty Generalization Fallacy
b)
Ignore the main point
c)
Spin, spin, spin
d)
Raise nothing but objections
49.
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
a)
Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.
b)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
c)
Attacking an opponent's inconsistency
d)
Ignore the main point
50.
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
a)
A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.
b)
Tell big lies
c)
Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.
d)
Apiorism
51.
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
a)
Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.
b)
Ignore the evidence
c)
Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.
d)
Argument by Pigheadedness
52.
Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.
a)
Seek your vested interests
b)
Insist loudly on a minor point
c)
"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."
d)
Invincible Ignorance Fallacy
53.
Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.
a)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
b)
Tell big lies
c)
Hasty Generalization Fallacy
d)
Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.
54.
Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.
a)
Throw in a red herring
b)
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
c)
Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.
d)
Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.
55.
Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.
a)
Ignore the main point
b)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
c)
A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.
d)
Ignoratio elenchu
56.
Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.
a)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
b)
Throw in some statistics
c)
Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.
d)
Manipulators divert the audience from a point they cannot win and focus on another point.
57.
Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.
a)
Tell big lies
b)
Attack evidence that undermines your case
c)
Seek your vested interests
d)
A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)
58.
Manipulators ignore evidence in order to avoid having to consider it in their own minds, because it threatens their belief system.
a)
Ignore the evidence
b)
"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."
c)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
d)
Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.
59.
Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.
a)
Insist loudly on a minor point
b)
By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.
c)
Throw in a red herring
d)
Ignore the evidence
60.
Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.
a)
Tell big lies
b)
The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.
c)
Ignore the main point
d)
Spin, spin, spin
61.
Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.
a)
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
b)
"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."
c)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
d)
Attacking an opponent's inconsistency
62.
Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.
a)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
b)
By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.
c)
Tell big lies
d)
Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.
63.
Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.
a)
Throw in some statistics
b)
If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.
c)
Ignore the evidence
d)
Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.
64.
Manipulators who cannot successfully dodge evidence that does not support their case do this.
a)
Attack evidence that undermines your case
b)
"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."
c)
Insist loudly on a minor point
d)
"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."
65.
Oversimplify the issue
a)
"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."
b)
Throw in a red herring
c)
Tell big lies
d)
Hasty Generalization Fallacy
66.
Oversimplify the issue
a)
By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.
b)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
c)
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
d)
Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.
67.
Oversimplify the issue
a)
The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.
b)
"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"
c)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
d)
A good joke relieves the audience's responsibility to think seriously about what is making them uncomfortable.
68.
Raise nothing but objections
a)
"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."
b)
Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.
c)
Throw in some statistics
d)
Manipulators use humor and joking pointed at their oponent to undermine credibility.
69.
Raise nothing but objections
a)
By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.
b)
Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.
c)
Attack evidence that undermines your case
d)
Seek your vested interests
70.
Raise nothing but objections
a)
If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.
b)
Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.
c)
"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."
d)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
71.
Red Herring Fallacy
a)
"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."
b)
When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)
c)
By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.
d)
Throw in a red herring
72.
Red Herring Fallacy
a)
Throw in a red herring
b)
When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.
c)
The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.
d)
Ignore the main point
73.
Reification
a)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
b)
Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.
c)
"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."
d)
Make much of any inconsistencies in your opponent's position
74.
Rewrite history (have it your way)
a)
"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"
b)
When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.
c)
By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.
d)
Tell big lies
75.
Rewrite history (have it your way)
a)
Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.
b)
"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."
c)
If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.
d)
Ignore the evidence
76.
Rewrite history (have it your way)
a)
Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.
b)
Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.
c)
"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."
d)
Insist loudly on a minor point
77.
Seek your vested interests
a)
Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.
b)
When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.
c)
Throw in a red herring
d)
Tell big lies
78.
Seek your vested interests
a)
When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)
b)
Use double standards
c)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
d)
Make your opponent look ridiculous ("Lost in the laugh")
79.
Seek your vested interests
a)
When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.
b)
Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.
c)
"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"
d)
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
80.
Shift the burden of proof
a)
Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.
b)
The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.
c)
Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.
d)
Throw in some statistics
81.
Shift the burden of proof
a)
When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.
b)
"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"
c)
Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.
d)
Attack evidence that undermines your case
82.
Shift the ground
a)
"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."
b)
"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."
c)
Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.
d)
"I don't care what the statistics tell us about the so-called abuse of prisoners, the real issue is whether or not we are going to be tough on crime. Save your sympathy for the victims of the crime, not the criminals."
83.
Shift the ground
a)
Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.
b)
When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.
c)
When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)
d)
By lessening the issue, an audience doesn't have to deal with what is wrong in the argument.
84.
Shift the ground
a)
When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.
b)
When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.
c)
When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.
d)
The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.
85.
Special Pleading Fallacy
a)
Use double standards
b)
When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.
c)
Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.
d)
"No matter what my oponent says, I will keep thinking of nothing whatsoever will convince me of the validity of his view."
86.
Spin, spin, spin
a)
Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.
b)
Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.
c)
When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.
d)
By flooding the argument with protests and grievences, the manipulator never has to deal with the argument being won by the oponent.
87.
Spin, spin, spin
a)
The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.
b)
Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.
c)
"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."
d)
If an oponent is giving good reasons to accept an argument, skilled manipulators respond with objection after objection.
88.
Talk double talk
a)
"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"
b)
Spin, spin, spin
c)
Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.
d)
"When you are late getting home-past curfew-you distract your parents by talking to them about the weather-how cold it is, or how rainy it is."
89.
Talk double talk
a)
"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."
b)
Use double standards
c)
When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.
d)
Throw in a red herring
90.
Talk double talk
a)
When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.
b)
Oversimplify the issue
c)
Use double standards
d)
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
91.
Talk in vague generalities
a)
When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.
b)
"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."
c)
Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.
d)
"You always want to focus on what is wrong with us! What about what is right about us?!"
92.
Talk in vague generalities
a)
When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.
b)
Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.
c)
The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.
d)
Changing prior events to look more favorable for your argument.
93.
Tell big lies
a)
Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.
b)
Red Herring Fallacy
c)
"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"
d)
Deeds and atrocities can dissapear from accounts, or be made to appear minor, while fantasies and fabrications can be made to look like hard facts.
94.
Tell big lies
a)
Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.
b)
"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"
c)
"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."
d)
Manipulator covers up their true motives by expressing high ideals such as freedom, democracy, justice, "The American Way," etc, which they, in fact, ignore.
95.
The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.
a)
Spin, spin, spin
b)
Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.
c)
When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.
d)
When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)
96.
The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.
a)
Use double standards
b)
When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.
c)
When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.
d)
When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.
97.
The world divides into "good guys" and "bad guys." and sometimes, the good guys have to do bad things to the bad guys.
a)
Oversimplify the issue
b)
"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."
c)
When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.
d)
Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.
98.
Throw in a red herring
a)
"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."
b)
Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.
c)
Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.
d)
When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.
99.
Throw in a red herring
a)
Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.
b)
Reification
c)
Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.
d)
"They have offered no good reason not to adopt our policy."
100.
Throw in a red herring
a)
Red Herring Fallacy
b)
Shift the burden of proof
c)
Spin, spin, spin
d)
Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.
101.
Throw in some statistics
a)
"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"
b)
A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them
c)
Use double standards
d)
When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.
102.
Throw in some statistics
a)
Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.
b)
Special Pleading Fallacy
c)
Oversimplify the issue
d)
Use double standards
103.
Throw in some statistics
a)
When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.
b)
The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.
c)
"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."
d)
Knowingly providing a biased interpretation to influence opinion about some event, organization, idea, or public figure.
104.
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
a)
"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."
b)
"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."
c)
Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.
d)
The manipulator must fabricate multiple viewpoints that obscure the argument.
105.
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
a)
Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.
b)
"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."
c)
Red Herring Fallacy
d)
"Before World War II, the U.S. government called the department that wages war the “War Department.” After the war, they decided to call it the “Defense Department.”"
106.
Treat abstract words and symbols as if they were real things
a)
Reification
b)
Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.
c)
"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"
d)
"When a citizen of a government we are in conflict with secretly gives us information about that enemy, we label it a “brave” and “courageous” act. When someone in our country tells our secrets to that same enemy, we indict that person as a “traitor."
107.
Try to make the opponent prove innocence unjustfiably.
a)
Shift the burden of proof
b)
Shift the ground
c)
Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.
d)
When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.
108.
Use double standards
a)
A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them
b)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
c)
When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.
d)
When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.
109.
Use double standards
a)
Special Pleading Fallacy
b)
Shift the ground
c)
"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."
d)
When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.
110.
Use double standards
a)
The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.
b)
Talk in vague generalities
c)
Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.
d)
Manipulators focussing on 'what they can get people to believe" not on what is true or false.
111.
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
a)
"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."
b)
Talk double talk
c)
Reification
d)
Manipulators know that if you insist on a lie long enough, many people will believe you.
112.
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
a)
"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."
b)
Seek your vested interests
c)
Shift the burden of proof
d)
Spin, spin, spin
113.
Use the hard-cruel-world argument
a)
Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.
b)
A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)
c)
A situation in which two people, groups, etc., are treated very differently from each other in a way that is unfair to one of them
d)
Use double standards
114.
Uses different meanings of the same word to change between multiple arguements in an attempt to confuse the opponent.
a)
Shift the ground
b)
Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.
c)
Special Pleading Fallacy
d)
Oversimplify the issue
115.
Using any generalizations that support their case, and that the audience will accept, regardless of whether they have sufficient evidence to support the generalization.
a)
Make sweeping, glittering generalizations
b)
Ignore the evidence
c)
The passing score for all applicants is 80%, but foreigners must get 90% because English is not their native tongue.
d)
"When your mom gets an email about missing assignments in English, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today."
116.
When a manipulator senses they are loosing an argument, they do not give in, but shift the questioning somewhere else.
a)
Shift the ground
b)
Spin, spin, spin
c)
"We don't want the CIA to engage in assasination, torture, disinformation, or dirty tricks of any kind, but unfortunately, we are forced to use these tactices to defend freedom and democracy in the world."
d)
Manipulators divert from the issue by focusing on what is irrelevent, but emotionally loaded.
117.
When a manipulator talks in the most vague terms instead of focussing on particulars.
a)
Talk in vague generalities
b)
Attacking an opponent's inconsistency
c)
"We don't want unemployment, but free enterprise demands it."
d)
Red Herring Fallacy
118.
When a manipulator uses positive words or phrases for what they're doing and negative words when their opponents do the same thing.
a)
Talk double talk
b)
Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.
c)
Manipulators use this to justify doing what is usually considered unethical.
d)
"By the way, did you know that 78% of the students who read this guide raise their grade point average by 1.33 grade levels within two semesters? It’s even higher at your school!"
119.
When occused of doing this, manipulators may use a "you-do-it-too" defense (aka Tu Quoque)
a)
Seek your vested interests
b)
Manipulators exploit an opponent's double standard.
c)
A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)
d)
Manipulators utilize statistics in their favor, even if the source is questionable.
120.
When people use THIS strategy against you, ask them to give you specific examples of what they mean.
a)
Talk in vague generalities
b)
"Divorce is rampant in America, Mary. I heard that 50% of marriages end in divorce within three years. So I've decided not to marry you because the odds are against us."
c)
Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.
d)
When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.
121.
When the manipulator attacks their opponent's motivation, but insists that their motives are pure.
a)
Seek your vested interests
b)
A large-scale problem such as malnutrition and starvation is given little coverage, except on special occasions such as after a hurricane. At the same time, a tiny problem, such as a small country refusing to do what our govvernment wants, is treated as an issue of great significance.)
c)
Ignore the evidence
d)
"He had to heed the call of Mother Nature and go live in the woods."
122.
When the manipulator replys to a question by placing the same question back on the asker and asserts that they prove their innocence against it.
a)
Shift the burden of proof
b)
Manipulators insist loudly on a secondary, or insignificant point to detract attention from the larger argument.
c)
Spin, spin, spin
d)
Also called the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness, or hypostatization, this fallacy occurs when an argument relies on an abstract concept as if it were a concrete fact; when a hypothetical scenario or situation is referred to, and treated as if it were a real thing.
123.
When the numerical reason involved is false or misapplied.
a)
Throw in some statistics
b)
Ignore the evidence
c)
Attacking an opponent's inconsistency
d)
Reification
124.
Where the manipulator in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.
a)
Ignore the evidence
b)
Spin, spin, spin
c)
Manipulators are quick to make a charge of hypocrisy, even when they are guilty of flagrant, deep, and multiple forms of hypocrisy themselves.
d)
Shift the burden of proof
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