He is the superintendent at Norfolk Island, Australia on 1840 introduced the marked system.

The early personality, he is the director of Irish prisons ant introduced the progressive system.

Below are some of the conditions for applying a probation, except one.e of the conditions for applying a probation, except one.

Known for solitary confinement day and night (where they live) slept, received religious instruction, and given work. Silence is enforced.

Solitary confinement at night but prisoners’ congregate work in shops during the day. Found to be advantageous as prisoners finished more work in groups.

This facility considered as the forerunner of modern penology, because it had all the elements of a modern correctional institution, compulsory education, and case work methods extensive use of parole based on the indeterminate sentence.

He was the former Superintendent of Elmira reformatory, New York Introduced new institutional program for boys 16 – 30 years of age, the forerunner of modern penology.

It is a justification of punishment came after prisons were fully established. People believe that by putting the offender in prison, society is protected from his further criminal depredation.

. It is commonly believed that punishment gives a lesson to the offender; that is shows others what would happen if they violate the law, and that punishment holds crime in check. This is the essence of deterrence as a justification for punishment.

This is the latest justification of punishment. Under this theory, society can best be protected from crime if the purpose of imprisonment is to reform or rehabilitate the prisoner.

The state has the right to punish the criminal as a measure of self-defense so as to protect society from the threat and wrong inflicted by the criminal.

The state must punish the criminal to prevent or suppress the danger of the state arising from the criminal acts of the offender.

– The crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive justice a vindication of absolute right and moral law violated by the criminal.

This theory adhere the punishment has redemptive purpose of repelling sin advocated by the devil.