Meaning of "ology"

The word drug has a Dutch origin in which droog meant? As in the use of dry herbs

'The Yellow Emperors’ - Inner Classic

The first Chinese manual on pharmacology was written in the first century A.D. and included how many medicines? and of which how many herbs?

It is a snake because almost all parts of its body (e.g. – venom, fang, blood) have medicinal properties

Ebers Papyrus

1550 B.C. and lists about 700 “recipes” for a host of illnesses, from crocodile bites to psychiatric illnesses

Author of Al Hawi

It was translated into Latin in the 13th century and greatly influenced medicine in medieval Europe

The study of respiratory care pharmacology is broadly defined as the application of pharmacology to cardiopulmonary and also cardiovascular disease and critical care

Is the scientific study of the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs

It is the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs by the body

the biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the mechanisms of drug actions

the use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

Body reaction to drug

Drug effects to body

This is the scientific name that precisely describes the drug’s anatomic and molecular structure

name is an abbreviation of the chemical name

The trade name is also known as?

It is selected by the drug company selling the product. It is protected by copyright.

The symbol ® after this name indicates that the name is registered by and restricted to the drug manufacturer

Acetaminophen is the same as Paracetamol

Traditionally, drugs were derived from natural sources, such as;

A drug’s administration route influences the quantity given and the rate at which the drug is absorbed and distributed. These variables affect the drug’s action and the patient’s response

Drugs given in the pouch between cheek and teeth

under the tongue

on the tongue

Certain drugs, such as nitroglycerin, are given buccally, sublingually, or translingually to prevent their destruction or transformation in the stomach or small intestine

This contains the active ingredient clonidine hydrochloride. is used to lower high blood pressure, also called hypertension. (Sublingually into the heart)

This route allows direct administration of a drug into the GI system. This route is used when patients can’t ingest the drug orally

Administered drugs are injected in to the skin. A needle is inserted at a 10 to 15-degree angle so that it punctures only the skin’s surface

The TB skin test is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid (called tuberculin) into the skin on the lower part of the arm

This form of administration is used mainly for diagnostic purposes, such as testing for allergies and tuberculosis

This route allows drugs to be injected directly into various muscle groups at varying tissue depths

This form of administration provides rapid systemic action and allows for absorption of relatively large doses (up to 3mL)

Aqueous suspensions and solutions in oil as well as drugs that aren’t available in oral forms are given through this. E.g. vaccines

This route allows injection of drugs and other substances directly into the bloodstream through a vein

Appropriate substances to administer IV include drugs, fluids, blood or blood products, and diagnostic contrast agents. Administration can range from a single dose to an ongoing infusion that’s delivered with great precision

This administration is usually the safest, most convenient, and least expensive route

Drugs are administered to patients who are conscious and able to swallow

Suppositories, ointments, creams, or gels may be instilled into the rectum or vagina to treat local irritation or infection. Some drugs applied to the mucosa of the rectum or vagina can also be absorbed systemically

Drugs that are available as gases can be administered into the respiratory system through inhalation

This route is also used in emergencies – for example, to administer some injectable drugs directly into the lungs via an endotracheal tube

(subcut) administration, small amounts of a drug are injected beneath the dermis and into the subcutaneous tissue, usually in the patient’s upper arm, thigh, or abdomen

This allows the drugs to move into the bloodstream more rapidly than if given by mouth

Drugs given through this route include nonirritating aqueous solution and suspensions contained in up to 1ml of fluid, such as heparin and insulin

This route is used to deliver a drug via the skin or a mucous membrane. This route is used for most dermatologic, ophthalmic, otic, and nasal preparations

These are given directly to a specific site in the patient’s body

injected into the epidural space

injected into the pleural cavity

injected into the peritoneal cavity

injected into the rich vascular network of a long bone

injected into a joint

the term kinetics refers to

Deals with a drug’s actions as it moves through the body

Discusses how a drug is Absorbed, Distributed, Metabolized, Excreted

This branch of pharmacology is also concerned with a drug’s onset of action, peak concentration level, and duration of action

taken into the body

moved into various tissues

changed into a form that can be excreted

removed from the body

Covers the progress of a drug from the time it’s administered, through the time it passes to the tissues, until it becomes available for use by the body

Absorption occurs within seconds or minutes when administered sublingually, IV, or by inhalation

Absorption occurs at slower rates when drugs are administered by the oral, IM or subcut routes because the complex membrane system of GI mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage

Slowest absorption rates, drugs can take several hours or days to reach peak concentration levels. A slow rate usually occurs rectally administered or sustained-release drugs

Drugs absorbed by the small intestine are transported to this organ BEFORE BEING CIRCULATED to the rest of the body. This organ may metabolize much of the drug before it enters circulation

Liver metabolism may inactivate the drug, if so, this mechanism lowers the amount of active drug released in to the systemic circulation. Therefore, higher drug dosages must be administered to achieve the desired effect

INCREASED BLOOD FLOW to an absorption site IMPROVES DRUG ABSORPTION, whereas REDUCED blood flow DECREASES absorption

can accommodate a larger volume of drug

PAIN AND STRESS can also DECREASE the amount of drug absorbed

Enteric-coated drugs are specifically formulated so that they don’t dissolve immediately in the stomach, rather they are release in the small intestine

It is the process by which the drug is delivered to the tissues and fluids of the body. Distribution of an absorbed drug within the body depends on several factors:

-Blood flow

-Solubility

-Protein binding

Also called biotransformation, refers to the body’s ability to change a drug from its dosage form to a more water-soluble form that can then excreted

This refers to the elimination of drugs from the body

sumipa na yung effect, iba ibang gamot may kanya kanyang onset of action.

Whole dosage of drugs is being used.

Kung gaano katagal ang effect nung drug

Study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physiologic changes in the body. The interaction at the cellular components, such as the complex proteins that make up the cell membrane, enzymes, or target receptors, represents drug action.

The response resulting from this drug action called the drug effect.

Pharmacotherapeutics is the use of drugs to treat disease

if the patient is critically ill and requires acute intensive therapy

Ex. Inhalation drugs

based on practical experience rather than on pure scientific data

for patients with chronic conditions that don’t resolve

Ex. diabetes, heart diseases, COPD

to replenish or substitute for missing substances in the body

which doesn’t treat the cause of the disease but maintains other threatened body systems until the patient’s condition resolves

used for end-stage or terminal disease to make the patient as comfortable as possible

DRUG INTERACTIONS can occur between drugs or between drugs and foods. They can interfere with the results of a laboratory test or produce physical or chemical incompatibilities. The more drugs a patient receives, the greater the chances are that a drug interaction will occur

Addicting effects one example is valium, sedatives, stilnox – dangerous, needs 2 forms of prescription

Drug A (increases heart rate) & Drug B (increases blood pressure), both can produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects

An interaction between two or more drugs that have opposite effects on the body. Drug antagonism may block or reduce the effectiveness of one or more of the drugs