WorksheetsPathophysiology Review
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 50mins
Cardiogenic Shock occurs as a result of:
A. Severe central nervous system trauma that causes a rapid loss in sympathetic stimulation.
B. Excessive vasodilation and possibly increased capillary permeability.
C. Reduction in intravascular fluid volume
D. Myocardial Infarction
Which condition is a complication of hypertension?
A. Hypoglycemia
B. Cardiovascular muscle atrophy
C. Congestive heart failure
D. Neuropathy
Which condition can produce signs and symptoms of a stroke? (Select all that apply.)
A. Cerebral aneurysm
b. Atherosclerosis
c. Chronic venous insufficiency
d. Cerebral AV fistula
e. Varicose veins
A client with angina pectoris asks the nurse, “What information does ECG provide?” The nurse would appropriately respond that ECG gives information about the:
a. Physical integrity of the muscle.
b. Contractile status of the ventricles.
c. Electrical conduction of the myocardium
d. Oxygenation and perfusion of the heart
Which statements are true regarding hypertension? (Select all that apply.)
a. Approximately two thirds of Americans older than 60 years of age have hypertension.
b. Approximately 15% of US adults are in the prehypertension category and are at risk for developing hypertension
c. Hypertension is defined as a diastolic pressure higher than 90 mmHg.
d. Hypertension is a systolic pressure of 140 mmHg or higher.
e. More than two thirds of those with hypertension have it controlled.
When teaching the client with myocardial infarction (MI), the nurse explains that the pain associated with MI is caused by:
a. Left ventricular overload.
b. Extracellular electrolyte imbalances.
c. Insufficient oxygen reaching the heart muscle.
d. Impending circulatory collapse.
Which is a true statement regarding the airways?
a. There are three main bronchi.
b. There are six secondary or lobar branches from the bronchi.
c. Cough receptors lie at the carina
d. The carina is in the right mainstem bronchus
What is the most common form of aspiration pneumonia?
a. Myocardial infarction
b. Bacterial infection
c. Renal insufficiency
d. Fungal infection
Which are signs of severe dyspnea? (Select all that apply.)
a. Flaring of the nostrils
b. Retraction of the intercostal spaces
c. Coughing up bloody secretions
d. Use of accessory muscles of respiration
e. B and C are correct
What is the cause of neurogenic shock?
a. Massive vasodilation
b. Decreased volume
c. Increased systemic vascular resistance
d. Sympathetic overstimulation
A client with pneumonia is experiencing pleuritic pain. Which of the following measures would most likely be successful in reducing his chest pain?
a. Have the client practice abdominal breathing.
b. Encourage the client to breathe shallowly.
c. Teach the client to splint the rib cage when coughing.
d. Offer the client incentive spirometry.
Mang Alfred returns home after the Mantoux Test from the Tertiary Hospital. The test result read POSITIVE. What should be the nurse’s next action?
a. Call the Physician
b. Order for a sputum exam
c. Isolate the patient
d. Notify the radiology dept. for CXR evaluation
A new patient is being seen at the health clinic. Upon assisting with data collection and reviewing the patient’s health history, the nurse notes that he had many risk factors for cerebrovascular accident. Which are modifiable risk factors?
a. Smoker, diabetes, and hypertension
b. Hypertension, 62 years of age, BMI of 41
c. Smoker, 62 years of age, and hypertension
d. Male, diabetes, and smoker
Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) occurs either in the community setting or within the first ____ hours after hospitalization.
a. 24
b. 72
c. 36
d. 48
Which clinical manifestation differentiates myocardial infarction (MI) from angina pectoris? (Select all that apply.)
a. Chest pain initiated by exercise
b. Radiating chest pain
c. Chest pain aggravated by coughing
d. ST-segment changes on the ECG
e. Elevated serum levels of troponin
Myocardial cell damage can be reflected by high levels of cardiac enzymes. The cardiacspecific isoenzyme is:
a. Alkaline phosphatase
b. Myoglobin
c. Troponin
d. Creatine kinase (CK-MB)
What physiologic abnormality is characteristic of emphysema?
a. Extensive inflammation of the lower airways
b. Collapse of the proximal airways
c. Trapping of air in the distal air sacs
d. Widespread occurrence of bronchial plugs
Activation of the renin-angiotensin system in shock causes:
a. fluid retention
b. sodium shifts
c. vasodilation
d. glucogenesis
A patient arrives at the emergency department with a diagnosis of a hemorrhagic stroke. What is the underlying cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
a. Damage to a vessel the brainstem
b. Damage to an artery in the brainstem
c. A blood clot lodging in a vessel in the brain
d. A rupture in a vessel in the brain
Obstruction of the airway in the patient with asthma is caused by all of the following except:
a. Swelling of bronchial membranes
b. Contraction of muscles surrounding the bronchi
c. Thick mucus
d. Destruction of the alveolar wall
Which are the functions of the pericardial sac? (Select all that apply.)
a. Forms a lining that is continuous with the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body.
b. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that affect blood pressure.
c. Prevents displacement of the heart during gravitational acceleration or deceleration.
d. Creates a continuous closed circulatory system.
e. Physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation
A woman with chest pain that occurs at rest is diagnosed as having abnormal vasospasm of her coronary arteries. These symptoms support which medical diagnosis?
a. Silent ischemia
b. Prinzmetal angin
c. Angina pectoris
d. Stable angina
For the patient in hypovolemic shock, what compensatory mechanism will help preserve adequate circulation?
a. Decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
b. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade
c. Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system.
d. Vasodilation
A true statement regarding atherosclerosis is which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Atherosclerosis obliterans is used to describe atherosclerosis; the terms are interchangeable
b. Atherosclerosis is the dominant type of arteriosclerosis.
c. Atherosclerosis is a result of medium and large arteries being occluded.
d. Atherosclerosis usually affects the coronary, cerebral, carotid, femoral arteries and the aorta
e. Atherosclerosis obliterans occurs when the peripheral system of upper extremities are affected.
What is the underlying cause of the effects that a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) has on the body?
a. Nerve Damage
b. Neurotransmission deficit
c. Oxygen deprivation
d. Muscle Deterioration
What is the appropriate term for inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands?
a. Orthopnea
b. Hyperpnea
c. Hypoventilation
d. Dyspnea
What is the specific terminology to describe the formation of a blood clot in a vein?
a. Thrombophlebitis
b. Thrombus
c. Ischemia
d. Phlebitis
Which medication classification is used to decrease preload in patients with heart failure?
a. Corticosteroids
b. β-Blockers
c. Diuretics
d. Calcium channel blockers
The vasoactive mediators released in septic shock contribute to increase:
a. destruction of microemboli
b. systemic vasoconstriction
c. systemic vascular resistance
d. vascular permeability
The shift to anaerobic metabolism in shock results in:
a. increased lactate production.
b. decreased hydrogen ion production.
c. decreased oxygen utilization
d. metabolic alkalosis.
Which type of shock is characterized by generalized vasodilation and peripheral pooling of blood? (Select all that apply.)
a. Neurogenic
b. Septic
c. Hypovolemic
d. Cardiogenic
e. Anaphylactic
The client had been diagnosed to have diagnosed to have hydrothorax secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The physician performs thoracentesis. The following are appropriate nursing interventions EXCEPT:
a. Instruct the client to remain still and to hold his breath as the physician inserts the needle.
b. Inform client that he will need to turn towards affected side after the procedure
c. Inform the client that the pressure sensation will be experienced as the needle is inserted
d. Place the client in sitting position at the edge of the bed, arms supported on an overbed table, feet on a foot stool.
Which term describes an occlusion in a blood vessel caused by a bolus of circulating matter in the bloodstream?
a. Thrombotic
b. Arteriosclerotic
c. Atheroma
d. Embolus
Histamine, a mediator that supports the inflammatory process in asthma, is secreted by:
a. Eosinophils
b. Neutrophils
c. Mast cells
d. Lymphocytes
Uncontrolled massive bleeding causes what type of shock?
a. Neurogenic
b. Septic
c. Cardiogenic
d. Hypovolemic
Which steps are involved in the process of gas exchange? (Select all that apply.)
a. Ventilation
b. Pressurization
c. Diffusion
d. Perfusion
e. Diffusal breathing mechanism
Which is a modifiable risk factor for prevention of atherosclerosis?
a. Genetics
b. Age
c. Smoking
d. Gender
A client has a positive reaction to the Mantoux test. The nurse correctly interprets this reaction to mean that the client:
a. Has active tuberculosis.
b. Has developed a resistance to tubercle bacilli.
c. Has developed passive immunity to tuberculosis.
d. Has had exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What is the appropriate first-line treatment for shock?
a. Medications to increase systemic vascular resistance
b. Identification and treatment of the underlying cause
c. Large amounts of fluid volume
d. Enhancement of cardiac output
HAP is the onset of pneumonia symptoms more than ____ hours after admission in patients with no evidence of infection at the time of admission.
a. 48
b. 72
c. 36
d. 24
Early compensation for hypovolemic shock includes?
a. release of epinephrine from adrenal glands.
b. shunting of blood from the brain to the extremities.
c. decreased heart rate.
d. decreased systemic vascular resistance.
An intravenous analgesic frequently administered to relieve chest pain associated with MI is:
a. Meperidine Hydrochloride
b. Codeine Sulfate
c. Morphine Sulfate
d. Hydromorphone Hydrochloride
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) alters blood pressure in response to:
a. decreased flow to the brain
b. decreased perfusion to the liver
c. decreased perfusion to the kidney
d. decreased perfusion to the lungs
The nurse knows that when a blood clot or plaque fragment is “traveling” through a blood vessel from an area outside the brain until it lodges in a cerebral artery, it causes which disorder?
a. Myocardial infarction
b. Atrial fibrillation
c. Embolic stroke
d. Hemorrhagic stroke
A patient is admitted to the medical surgical unit following surgery. Four days after surgery, the patient spikes a 38.9 degrees C oral temperature and exhibits a wet, productive cough. The nurse assesses the patient with understanding that an infection that is acquired during hospitalization is known as:
a. a community acquired infection
a nosocomial infection
c. an iatrogenic infection
d. an opportunistic infection
What is the rationale that supports multidrug treatment for clients with tuberculosis?
a. Multiple drugs allow reduced drug dosages to be given.
b. Multiple drugs potentiate the drugs’ actions.
c. Multiple drugs reduce undesirable drug side effects.
d. Multiple drugs reduce development of resistant strains of the bacteria.
What is the underlying problem common among all types of shock?
a. Faulty compensatory mechanisms
b. Cardiac failure
c. Generalized vasodilation
d. Inadequate cellular oxygenation.
The classic ECG changes that occur with an MI include all of the following except:
a. An abnormal Q Wave
b. T wave inversion
c. An absent P Wave
d. ST segment elevation
There are several comorbid conditions that accompany asthma but it does not include:
a. Hypertension
b. Allergic Rhinitis
c. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
d. Drug-induced asthma
Which describes a pathologic manifestation of neurogenic shock?
a. Increased sympathetic nervous stimulation.
b. Massive immune system activation
c. Release of vasodilatory mediators such as histamine into the circulation
d. Loss of sympathetic activation of arteriolar smooth muscle.
