a scientist that specializes in the study of plants

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Botany originated as _, the study and use of plants for their medicinal purposes

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Modern botany begun in the _

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Aristotle’s student, who wrote two large books in botany. He is also widely regarded as the “Father of Botany.”

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study of the relationships that exist between people and plants

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study of plant fossils

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study of the internal structures of plants

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study of plant cells

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study of plants and its environment

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study of the genetic inheritance in plants

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study of distribution of plants

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study of plant tissues

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study of the form and structures of plants

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study of plant diseases

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study of plant functions

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study of the timing of germination, flowing and fruiting

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study of phytochemical or chemicals derived from plants

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study of plant development

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study of plant measurement

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deals with plant communities, their composition and development and the relationship between the species

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deals with the identification and ranking of all plants

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plant classification, naming and groupings

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study of grasses

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study of brambles (prickly shrub or bush)

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study of mosses, liverworts and hornworts

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study of trees

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study of ferns

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study of orchids

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studies of pome fruits

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study of the structure of fruits and seeds

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study of spores and pollen

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the production of protoplasm from non-living materials

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ability to increase in size that results from assimilation

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ability to reproduce

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Type of reproduction that requires egg and sperm

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Type of reproduction that does not require egg and sperm

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sum of all the chemical changes in the body

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constructive metabolism (building-up)

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destructive metabolism (breaking-down)

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ability to respond to environmental changes (slower in plants)

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response of an organism towards a stimulus

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growth movement in response to the influence of light

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growth response induced by gravity

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growth movement in response to contact with a solid object (touch)

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response to chemicals

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plant organelle that is made-up mainly of cellulose

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Type of cell that:

- Has no nuclear membrane

- Has no membrane-bounded organelles

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Type of cell that:

- With nuclear membrane

- With membrane-bounded organell

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Cell division; produce new cytoplasm

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Water retention; cutin and wax are barriers against fungi and insects

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Protection; produce poisons that inhibit animals from harming plants

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Collects solar energy by photosynthesis

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cells that collect water and minerals

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cells that transport water, minerals, and organic molecules

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cells responsible for pigments that attracts pollinators

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cells responsible for fragrance that attracts pollinators

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cells responsible for sugars that attracts pollinators

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cells indirectly involved in producing sperm cells

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cells indirectly involved in producing egg cells

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cells that produce sugars, aromas, flavorful compounds that attract fruit-eating/seed-dispersing animals

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Outermost covering of the plant cell. Provides strength & protection to protoplasm inside “Dynamic active organelle

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Layer of cell wall: present in all types of plant cells (thin)

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Layer of cell wall: a layer that serves as a cementing layer between the primary cell walls of two adjoining plant cells

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Layer of cell wall: present in some types of cells (e.g., wood cells and cork cells). thicker than primary (almost always impregnated with lignin)

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Colourless material consisting of the living part of a cell, Including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, Nucleus & other organelles.

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Lipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded. Regulates what passes into and out of the cell; cell-to-cell recognition

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The control center of the cell. Serves as a permanent storage place for the organism’s genetic information

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covering of the nucleus. contains 2 membranes and nuclear pores

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the fluid part inside the nucleus. contains DNA, enzymes, histone proteins, several types of RNA, water, and numerous other substances

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most prominent substructure within the nucleus. contains ribosomes

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are highly organized complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus

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Refers to all structures inside the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus and vacuole.

clear substance made up of water, enzymes, & numerous precursors, intermediates, and products of enzymatic reactions

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The fluid part of the cytoplasm is called _

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Are the subcellular structures that perform one or two specialized functions within the cell

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site of cellular respiration.

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specialized structures that are found only in plants and algae.

Diverse →

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an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis

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Sites of protein synthesis

• not surrounded by a membrane

• some are free in the cytoplasm; others line the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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a system of narrow tubes & sheets of membrane that form a network

TWO TYPES

(1) Rough ER

(2) Smooth ER

(a)  

the Golgi apparatus in plant cells.

a stack of thin vesicles held together in flat or curved array.

FUNCTION

Diverse processing

•Modification of vesicle’s membrane/content

•Addition of sugars to proteins, forming glycoproteins

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• Numerous small, spherical bodies

• contain catalase

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microbodies that are involved in detoxifying certain products of photosynthesis

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microbodies that converts lipids into carbohydrates

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structures that form the framework of the cell

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• most abundant & easily studied of the structural elements of a cell

• Made up of tubulin protein

• move chromosomes during cell division

• assist formation of cell plate during plant cell division

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made up of actin protein.

move organelles & cytoplasm

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a large vacuole in plant cells.

• Maintenance of cell pressure & pH

• Storage of numerous cell metabolites & waste products

• Frequently contains water-soluble pigments

• Contains dissolved substances

• Involved in the recycling of certain materials with the cell

• Aids in the breakdown and digestion of organelles

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maintains turgor pressure in the cell

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Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall.

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Crystals:

(needle-like which may occur singly or in bundles)

seen in: Colocasia esculenta

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Crystals:

(prism-like of pyramid-like)

seen in: Tradescantia spathacea

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Crystals:

(aggregate of crystals)

seen in: Mentha arvensis

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Crystals:

(grape-like)

seen in: Ficus elastica

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are a class of complex biomolecules of polyphenolic nature synthesized by a large variety of plants, in which they are used as antipredation or pesticide agents.

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Repeating events that make up a life of a cell.

series of events that occurs in all types of cells as it grows and divides

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The longest stage in the cell cycle of eukaryotes.

▪ No spindle fibers

▪ No asters

Nucleus

▪ has nuclear membrane

▪ Genetic material “Chromatin” (threadlike)

(a)  

In this substage, the cell grows and carries our normal metabolism

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stage where DNA replication takes place

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In this substage, the cell growth continues and is prepared for cell division

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Is a process in which the parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells

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▪ Undergone by both somatic cells

▪ Involves one cell division per cycle

▪ Chromosomes number is retained

▪ Produces 2 daughter cells

(a)  

the stage where the chromosomes become shorter and thicker.

Nuclear envelope dissociates

Nucleolus disintegrates

(a)  

stage where the chromosomes align at the equator of the cell

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the stage where the sister chromatids migrate to the opposite poles of the cell.

Splitting of centromeres

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stage where the cell plate is formed to separate the two newly formed daughter cells

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divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

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▪ Undergone by sex cells

▪ Involves two cell divisions per cycle

▪ Chromosome number is reduced to half

▪ Produces 4 daughter cells

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What meiosis stage:

▪Each chromosome pairs with its homologue

▪ Crossover occurs

▪ Nuclear envelope breaks apart

▪Spindle apparatus begins to form

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What meiosis stage:

▪ Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate matched with their homologous partner

▪ This stage ends with separation of the homologous pairs

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What meiosis stage:

Separated homologous pairs move to the opposite poles of the cell

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What meiosis stage:

Nuclear membrane reforms

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What meiosis stage:

After daughter cells split, two newly formed cells are haploid (n

(a)  

What meiosis stage:

The nuclear envelope breaks apart, and spindle apparatus begins to form

(a)  

What meiosis stage:

Sister chromatids line up along the equator of the cell

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What meiosis stage:

Sister chromatids split apart & are called chromosomes as they are pulled to the poles

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What meiosis stage:

The nuclei & nucleoli for the newly split cells return

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What meiosis stage:

splits the chromosome sets into new cells, forming the final products of meiosis: four haploid cells

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group of cells that perform specialized function/s

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•also called embryonic tissues

•usually found in young plants

•composed of actively-dividing cells

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▪Originates from the embryo

▪Persists generally throughout the lifetime of the plant

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Derived from permanent tissues

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gives rise to the epidermis

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develops into the pith and the cortex

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forms cambium and primary vascular tissues

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•at the tips of roots and stems

•responsible for the increase in the length

•present on both monocot and dicot plants

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•found along the sides of roots and stems

•responsible for the increase in the diameter or width

•not present in monocot plants

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▪ source of both the secondary xylem (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and is between these tissues in the stem and root.

Function: • Produces xylem & phloem cells

(a)  

Also known as : Bark cambium/ Phellogen

• found in woody & many herbaceous dicots, gymnosperms & some monocots

Functions: ▪ Responsible for the secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots & stems

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•At the bases of young stems and internodes

•responsible for the rapid growth of stems

•temporary meristems

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•derived from meristematic tissues

•composed of differentiated cells

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derived from the apical and intercalary meristems

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derived from the lateral meristems

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Generally composed of only one type of cells

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– an external or protective tissue

– consists of a single layer of cells

− in leaves and in stems, the outer wall is coated with cutin (roots do not have a cuticle layer)

− may contain trichomes (plant hairs)

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In epidermis, some cells are modified into _

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outgrowths of a plant's epidermis, and their function and shape can vary, from reducing water loss to protecting against predators.

(a)  

Thin primary walls. Typically alive at maturity. Many functions

(a)  

Unevenly thickened primary walls. Typically alive at maturity. Provide plastic support.

(a)  

Primary walls plus secondary walls. Many dead at maturity. Provide elastic support and some (tracheary elements) are involved in water transport

(a)  

Occurs in all soft part of plant

Stem, Root, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits,

Widely Distributed

(a)  

Present in young dicot stems, petiole & beneath the epidermis

Absent in monocot & roots

(a)  

Dicot hypodermis, bundle sheath, pericycle, hard seeds, pulp of fruits

(a)  

Location/s: (throughout the plant)

Function/s: Photosynthesis

Storage

(a)  

Location/s: (beneath the epidermis in young stems & leaf veins)

Function/s: Flexible support

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Location/s: (fibers in wood, bark, leaves, stems, Sclereids in fruits & seeds)

Function/s: Structural support

(a)  

− also called phellem

− an external or protective tissue

− cell walls are impregnated with suberin

− external tissue covering old stems and roots of woody plants

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more or less isodiametric; often dead at maturity

▪Irregularly shaped cells

▪Typically not much elongated

▪Most common types are stone cells

▪Commonly in fruits

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Long; many types are dead, other types remain alive and are involved in storage

▪Elongated with tapering ends

▪Generally occur in groups

▪Has tiny cavity in the center of the cell

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Long and narrow with tapered ends; contain no perforations. Dead at maturity. Found in all vascular plants

(a)  

Short and wide rather than perpendicular end walls; most contain one or two perforations. Dead at maturity. Found almost exclusively in flowering plants. Among nonflowering plants, only a few ferns, horsetails, and gymnosperms have vessels

(a)  

consist of several types of cells

(a)  

− conducts dissolved organic food materials

− composed of the following cells:

• fibers

• parenchyma

• sieve tube elements

• companion cells

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− conducts water and mineral salts

− main strengthening tissue of a plant

− composed of the following cells:

• fibers

• parenchyma

• vessels or vessel elements

• tracheids

(a)  

cells in the xylem that are highly specialized for transporting water and solutes up the plant

(a)  

Types of Thickening of Cell Walls:

Ring-like

ex. Protoxylem

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Types of Thickening of Cell Walls:

Helical

ex. Protoxylem

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Types of Thickening of Cell Walls:

Ladder-like

ex. Protoxylem

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Types of Thickening of Cell Walls:

Net-like

ex. Metaxylem

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Types of Thickening of Cell Walls:

Rounded

ex. Protoxylem

(a)  

Tissue System:

- protection

- prevention of water loss

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Tissue System:

- photosynthesis

- food storage

- regeneration

- support

-protection

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Tissue System:

- transport of water and minerals

- transport of food

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