The ________ states that in any chemical reaction or physical process, energy can be converted from one form to another, but it is neither created nor destroyed.

The energy stored in a substance because of its composition is called ______.

Energy that is in the process of moving from a warmer object to a cooler object, and that is represented by the letter Q is....

The amount f energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water by one degree Celsius is defined as a ......

The SI unit of energy and of heat is the....

The _____ of any substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celsius.

A ______ is an insulated device used for measuring the amount of heat absorbed or released during a chemical or physical process.

_____- is the study of heat changes that accompany chemical reactions and phase changes.

In thermochemistry, the _____ is the specific part of the universe that contains the reaction or process you wish to study. Everything in the universe other than the system is considered the _______. Therefore, the _______ is defined as the system plus the surroundings.

_________ (H) is the heat content of a system at constant pressure.

The change in enthalpy for a reaction is called the..... ( $$\Delta H_{rxn}$$  )

A negative sign on the enthalpy of reaction means that the reaction was ______ or releasing heat. A positive sign on the enthalpy of reaction means that the reaction was ______ or absorbing heat.

A ______ is a balanced chemical equation that includes the physical states of all reactants and products and the energy change, usually expressed as the change in enthalpy, $$\Delta H$$  

The _______ ( $$\Delta H_{comb}$$  ) of a substance is the enthalpy change for the complete burning of one mole of the substance.

The heat required to vaporize one mole of a liquid is called its _______ ( $$\Delta H_{vap}$$  )

The heat required to melt one mole of a solid is called its _______ ( $$\Delta H_{fus}$$  )

________ states that if you can add two or more thermochemical equations to produce a final equation for a reaction, then the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual reactions is the enthalpy change for the final reaction.

The _______ ( $$\Delta H\degree_f$$  ) is defined as the change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of one mole of the compound in its standard state from its elements in their standard states.

Any physical or chemical change that once begun, occurs with no outside intervention is a _______.

_____ (S) is a measure of the number of possible ways that the energy of a system can be distributed, and this is related to the freedom of the system's particles to move and number of ways they can be arranged.

The tendency toward increased entropy is summarized in the ________, which states that spontaneous processes always proceed in such a way that the entropy of the universe increases.

For reactions and processes that take place at constant pressure and temperature, Gibbs free energy ( $$G_{system}$$  ), commonly called ________, is energy that is available to do work. It is useful energy.