What is the main goal of an antimicrobial?

The scale that guides individuals in determining whether or not an antimicrobial is safe to use?

Side effects to antimicrobials fall into 3 categories. Which of the following is one of those categories?

Penicillin is a cell wall inhibitor. How may it be acting?

Of the list below, what would be the most difficult infection to treat with an antimicrobial?

Parasites are difficult to treat because:

Viruses are difficult to treat because:

Antimicrobial drug resistance can develop by:

A common mechanism for drug resistance is:

One antiphagocytic factor is:

What do we call organisms that cause disease when the host’s defense are compromised?

Degree or relative capacity of an organism to infect and damage a host

Attachment of a pathogen to a host is non-specific

Infectious disease that is only transmitted through a vector and not human to human

Number of new cases over a certain period of time

The first and second line of defense are innate and provide nonspecific protection.

The term lymphocytes refers to:

Connective tissue fibers between organs and tissues that is a passageway for WBC is called:

WBC include

WBC find pathogens by:

The skin is a good physical barrier because:

The presence of the microbiota can help prevent disease because they take up space and block binding sites that pathogens could take advantage of.

The first line of defense

One chemical response is

The purpose of inflammation is to bring more nutrients to the cells that have been damaged.

What molecule is released that causes white blood cells to move to an area of damage?

Professional phagocytes include

Macrophages and dendritic cells use phagocytosis as a way to extract foreign matter from a pathogen so it can be presented to a T cell.

How do professional phagocytes recognize a foreign cell?

The movement of WBC to a site of inflammation is called:

This second line defense is a cascade of proteins that poke holes in the membrane of bacterial cells

A second line defense protein that prevents viral replication is

The third line defenses are our adaptive immunity and depend on our own exposures to microbes

Molecules that generate a specific response from T and B cells are:

T cells mature in the:

B cell maturation involves genetic splicing so immunoglobins are unique.

The region of the antibody that binds the antigen and is incredibly diverse.

Markers on a cell that tags the cell as ‘self’

The lymphocytes recognizes and responds specifically to the:

a strip of biochemicals that is used to produce a numeric code to identify a microorganism

first professional phagocyte to respond to inflammatory signals

bacteria, fungi, and protozoa that live in equilibrium with the human host

microbes that can cause disease in healthy individuals

antimicrobials that target a wide variety of microbial types (example: bacteria) are narrow spectrum

diseases that are highly transmitted from human to human, especially through contact

pathgocytes use these to bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns on foreigners

naïve CD8 cells turn into these after activation and differentiation

side effects of antimicrobial agents include

professional phagocytes include:

overgrowth of Candida Albicans due to treatment of an E. coli UTIC is an example of

an antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis is

sneezing is considered a

biofilms are hard to treat because

drug resistance can only be acquired by inheriting a plasmid

T cells mature in the thymus and maturation includes the generation of different receptors

Why may an antimicrobial fail?

The immune system is responsible for

The desired effect of a vaccine is to:

Normal flora will never cause disease

the ability of a microbe to establish in a host and cause damage

tumor necrosis factor and interleukins are examples of

naïve B cells presenting an antigen must be activated by:

white blood cells recognize self from nonself through the use of

number of total deaths in a population due to a certain disease

mechanisms (functions) microbes gain to become drug resistant include:

macrophages use this to travel through tissues

bean-shaped organs located throughout the body that allow lymphocytes and phagocytes to interact

what is the main goal of an antimicrobial

therapeutic index is

parasites are difficult to treat because:

the purpose of inflammation is to:

CD4 naïve cells recognize antigen presented on:

the ability of an antibody to bind to a viral receptor and block adsorption

antimicrobial protein used to inhibit viral replication

the most specific line defense is the:

molecules that initiate B and T cell activation

a synthetic drug used to treat disease

additive to vaccines that helps precipitate the antigen and hold it in the tissues

What is one disadvantage of phenotypic testing?

Phenotypic tests identify microbes by the media it can grow on, the enzymes it produces, and the biochemical processes it can carry out.

A rapid panel is a strip that contains a series of biochemical assays that can result in a numerical code that identifies a microbe.

Serological tests are generally depend on this molecule.

Which line of defense are serological tests based upon?

Which type of test using the clumping of antigen with antibody to detect infection?