A reservoir and can either be animate such as human or animal but not inanimate such as water or soil

Gram-positive cells have an outer membrane outside their cell walls

Peptidoglycan consists of long polysaccharide chains cross-linked with amino acids.

Temperate phages in lysogenic cycle cause bacterial cell lysis

A frameshift mutation occurs following the deletion of one base in the reading frame

The oriC simultaneously generates two DNA replication forks during bacterial cell multiplication

In bacterial transformation, fragments of exogenous DNA are taken up and incorporated into the genome

After ultraviolet exposure, the bacterial genome undergoes self-repair by excising thymine dimers.

Facultative anaerobes use oxygen if available for aerobic respiration

Obligate anerobes are killed by free oxygen

During the lag phase of bacterial growth, bacteria cells are metabolically inactive

Commensals provide the first line of defense against microbial pathogens

Bacterial interference involves competition for receptors or binding sites on host cells.

Diphteroids are transient bacterial flora of the skin

Fatty acids in sebaceous secretions are important in eliminating non-resident microorganisms

Microbiota of the intestines inhibit the local T-cell and cytokine response

N. gonorrhoeae, S. typhi and S. pyogenes infections are limited to humans

Cell-bound Protein A and Protein G enhance phagocytosis of producing organisms

Rickettsia and chlamydia are strict intracellular pathogens.