The study of populations (especially population abundance) and how they change over time is called ______________.

In the two types of multicellular organisms, _____________ are those when the the form is highly determinate consisting usually of a strictly defined number of parts (such as legs or wings) established only during embryogenesis. Their pattern of development and final form are predictable. For example, all dogs have four legs, all squid have two eyes, etc.

In the two types of multicellular organisms, _____________ are neither timing nor form is predictable. These organisms grow by the repeated iteration of modules, usually to yield a branching pattern. Examples of these organisms include plants and many sessile benthic invertebrates.

A population has several characteristics or attributes which are a function of the whole group and not of the individual. The study of the group characteristics of a population, their changes over time and prediction of future changes is known as _________

The size of the population is represented by its fundamental property called _______. It is generally expressed as the number of individuals or the population biomass per unit area or volume.

There are two types of density. ___________ is the density per unit of total space. Generally, populations do not occupy all the space as whole because all area may not be habitable.

There are two types of density. ____________ is the density per unit of habitable space. It includes only that portion of total space that can actually be colonized by the population.

___________ refers to the rate of reproduction or birth per unit time. It is an expression of the production of new individuals in the population by birth, hatching, germination or fission.

Natality refers to the rate of reproduction or birth per unit time. The maximum number of births produced per individual under ideal conditions of environment is called _________

_____________ refers to the number of deaths for every 1,000 people per year. The death rate is correlated with the conditions of country, for example, with the levels of prosperity, health, or the occurrence of war.

Mortality can be expressed in two ways. __________ represents the minimum of theoretical loss of individuals under ideal or non-limiting condition. Thus, even under the best conditions individuals of a population would die of old age determined by their physiological longevity. So it is constant for a population.

Mortality can be expressed in two ways. ____________ refers to the death of individuals of a population under existing environmental conditions. Since it varies with environmental conditions, it is never constant. The maximum mortality occurs at the egg, larval, seedling and old age.

There are two types of growth curves. ___________ when a few organisms are introduced in an area, the population increase is very slow in the beginning (positive acceleration phase or lag phase), in the middle phase, the population increase becomes very rapid(logarithmic phase) and finally in the last phase population increase is slowed down (negative acceleration phase) until an equilibrium is attained and which the population size fluctuates according to variability of environment.

The second type of growth curve is _________. Here in the first phase there is no increase in population size because it needs some time for adjustment in the new environment. Soon after the population is established in the new environment, it starts multiplying rapidly

The size and density of natural population show a changing pattern over a period of time. This is called population _________

There are three types of variations in the pattern of population change. ______ When the population remains static over the years.

There are three types of variations in the pattern of population change. ____________ may be (a) seasonal, and (b) annual. Sometimes seasonal changes occur in the population and there are additions to the population at the time of maximum reproduction and losses under adverse climatic conditions.

There are three types of variations in the pattern of population change. _______ When the change in population density does not occur at regular intervals or in response to any obvious environmental factor,

According to Bodenheimer (1958), the individuals of a population can be divided into _________________

________refers to the number of animals per unit area (usually measured in animals/hectare or animals/square kilometer)

As the density of a population increases, the amount of resources available to each individual decreases, and the health of individuals decreases. As health decreases, mortality (death rate) increases and reproduction decreases

Are those factors that act on a population independent of the size of the population. Typical __________ causes of mortality are weather, accidents, and environmental catastrophes like volcanoes, floods, landslides, fire, etc.

Wildlife biologists usually express birth rates as ______, which is the number of young produced per female over a given time period. Usually one year is the time period considered, but for smaller animals, especially those that may breed several times a year, a shorter time period may be selected.

______________, ten thousand years ago, made a great change to increase the human population. This was a transition from hunting and gathering of food for subsistence. It has created settlement, easy access for food and mortality reduction and increase life expectancy

Around 1750 another revolution started in England, making an even faster growth possible: ______________. Giving an average growth rate of 0.84% since the beginning of the industrial revolution, about seventeen times the previous rate.

____________provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them.

_____________has been a major factor in reducing the number of births throughout most of the world, mostly because of increased knowledge and availability of contraceptives.

_____________has also reduced the number of legal and illegal abortions performed each year and decreased the number of deaths of mothers and fetuses during pregnancy. Studies by the U.N.

In 1994, the United Nations held its third Conference on Population and Development in ________. Proponents also call for greatly increased research on developing more effective and more acceptable birth control methods for men.

One of the conference’s goals was to encourage action to stabilize the world’s population at 7.8 billion by 2050 instead of the projected _______.

Studies show that _______ tend to have fewer children if they are educated, hold a paying job outside the home, and live in societies where their human rights are not suppressed.

Teaching women to read has a major impact on fertility rates and population growth. Poor women who cannot read often have five to seven children, compared to two or fewer in societies where almost all women can read.

Because sons are more valued than daughters in many societies, girls are often kept at home to work instead of being sent to school. Globally, some 900 million girls—three times the entire U.S. population—do not attend elementary school.

Women do almost all of the world’s domestic work and child care for little or no pay and provide more unpaid health care than all of the world’s organized health services combined.