Primary deficiency of AVP secretion is usually caused by which of the following

A px presents w/ urinary frequency, nocturia, and enuresis. His 24-hr urine volume is <40 ml/kg with an osmolarity of >300 mosm/L. As the physician what should be your course of action?

Pituitary bright spot is almost always present in px w/ primary polydipsia.

A trial of desmopressin therapy may be used to differentiate pituitary DI, nephrogenic DI, and primary polydipsia

In patients w/ craniopharyngoma: DI can occurs in 90% of patients

Transsphenoidal resection is the procedure of choice

Primary polydipsia can be treated safely with DDAVP and antidiuretics DDAVP acts selectively at V1 receptors to increase urine concentration.

The most common genetic form of cranial DI is transmitted in a semirecessive X-linked manner

During pregnancy, DI may be caused by

Which of the following can be used in the management of nephrogenic DI

Which of the following is a diagnostic feature of adamantinomatous craniopharyngoma?

Which of the following is a sign of thyrotoxicosis?

Which laboratory test is most useful in confirming early hyperthyroidism?

Which of the following differential diagnosis for hyperthyroidism would present with decreased radioactive iodine uptake?

Lid lag seen in Graves’ disease is also known as

The preferred antithyroid drug for pregnant and breastfeeding women

The following are RAI treatment contraindications except

In a pregnant patient with hyperthyroidism in whom antithyroid medications cannot be used, when is the best time to perform surgery?

Which of the following oncogenes is/are associated with papillary thyroid cancer

In the Bethesda classification, which of the following is associated with 15-30% risk of malignancy?

Which of the following is a long-term complication of radioactive iodine therapy?

Which type of pyelonephritis is most common in children?

All of the following are Gram-positive bacteria that can cause UTI except:

Fever is the only manifestation of pyelonephritis

Which of the following imaging study is the method of choice in diagnosing pyelonephritis?

5. Which drug is the first choice in the treatment of acute pyelonephritis?

All of the following are symptoms present in cystitis except:

Which type of cystitis may present with irritative voiding symptoms but a negative urine culture?

All of the following are risk factors for UTI except?

What can be a possible treatment for a severe acute cystitis?

Which of the following common contaminants found in the urine culture  of a px diagnosed with UTI may not be found?

Which of the following individuals would be most prone to VUR?

Secondary VUR may be caused by the following except?

The statement: “There are no specific signs or symptoms for VUR” is:

Which of the following imaging tests is the test of choice for VUR?

Which severity classification of VUR describes the visibility of some tortuousity of the ureter

A 7-yr old, female with fever, conjunctival suffusion, and myalgia of 3 days duration was brought for consult. His mother informed you that prior to getting these symptoms, the child played in the rain with his friends and some areas in their residence was flooded. Upon doing the PE, vital signs were normal except for T of 38oc. PMH showed that the patient is allergic to penicillin. What drug would you give to the patient?

2. A 35-yr old male typhoon rescuer was brought to the ER wheelchair-borne. Patient presented with myalgia, jaundice and hemoptysis for more than 1 week. Upon PE, patient is febrile and tachycardic. Labs showed elevated BUN, creatinine, and LFTs. Chest x-ray showed bilateral pulmonary infiltration. What would be your next step?

What is the antibiotic of choice for the patient?

4. If the same patient has GCS=9, would you give invasive ventilation?

If you are to collect a specimen for a leptospiral test, what would be the most appropriate specimen and test to do to establish a definitive diagnosis given the duration of the illness?

To diagnose AKI in the patient, what should you look for?

T or F. Ischemia alone is not sufficient to cause severe AKI.

 NSAIDs:inhibiting afferent vasodilation :: ACE inhibitors & ARBs: _________

9. The kidneys have internal autoregulatory mechanisms in order to maintain GFR. This usually fails once:

10. Endogenous nephrotoxins that can cause intrinsic parenchymal disease include all of the ff. EXCEPT:

11. BUN/Crea= 23; FENa = 0.5%; Urine osmolality=500 mOsm/Kg H20 are suggestive of:

I. All azotemic patients are uremic.

II. Not all uremic patients are azotemic.

13. Urine sediments of the patient are positive for pigmented “muddy brown” granular casts and tubular epithelial cell casts. 

The following management are done in the setting of AKI with hyperkalemia EXCEPT:

15. A 60-year old Filipino male has been diagnosed with CKD. His eGFR is 40 mL/min/1.73m2. Albumin to creatinine ratio is at 28 mg/g. What is the classification of the patient in the KDIGO classification of CKD? 

16. This is a condition unique to CKD patients which consists of progressive subcutaneous induration, especially on the arms and legs.

17. This is an absolute indication for the urgent initiation of dialysis or for intensification of the dialysis prescription in those already receiving dialysis

18. Clear indications for initiation of renal replacement therapy for patients with CKD include the ff. EXCEPT:

19. Major complications of peritoneal dialysis include all of the ff. EXCEPT:

20. Patient presents with edema, hyperlipidemia, proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia