WorksheetsPulmonary
Total questions: 111
Worksheet time: 4hrs 42mins
Vital capacity is sum of which of the following?
Tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume and residual volume
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Which of the following pressure relationships hold true at the initiation of inspiration? [Palv= alveolar pressure; Patm= atmospheric pressure; Pip= Intrapleural pressure]
Palv < Patm
Palv = Patm
Palv > Patm
Palv + Pip = Patm
Which of the following suggest an obstructive lung disease?
FEV1/FVC=80%
FEV1/FVC=1
FEV1/FVC=55%
FEV1/FVC=90%
What would happen when the elastic recoil of the lung is lost?
Bronchoconstriction
Residual volume would be increased
Reduced lung compliance
Increased surface tension at the air-water interface in alveoli
What would be the expected V/Q ratio value in a patient with pulmonary embolism?
A normal value of 0.8
Higher than normal
Lower than normal
Which sensory mechanisms of respiratory control are responsive to decrease in PaO2?
Central chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Irritant receptors
Stretch receptors
J receptors
The effect of which of the following describes Bohr’s effect in relationship to shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve?
Effect of changes in hydrogen ion and carbon dioxide
Effect of temperature
Effect of 2,3-BPG
Effect of oxygen on carbon dioxide binding to hemoglobin
Which of the following cause a decrease in airway resistance?
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Histamine
Leukotrienes
Which of the following is an incorrect match between the disease and its characteristic?
Asthma: commonly the disease onset occurs in middle aged adults
Emphysema: destruction of lung parenchyma and loss of elastic recoil
Chronic bronchitis: cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years
Opioids are the drugs used as potent analgesics or painkillers. As a mechanism of one of their adverse effects, these drugs inhibit the pre-botzinger complex. Knowing what you have learnt about pre-botzinger complex, what would be the effect of the use of opioids on arterial PO2 and PCO2?
An increase in PO2, a decrease in PCO2
A decrease in PO2, no effect on PCO2
An increase in PO2, no effect on PCO2
A decrease in PO2, an increase in PCO2
Which of the following refers to increase CO2 in arterial blood?
Hypercapnia
Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Which of the following refers to reduced oxygenation of arterial blood?
Hypercapnia
Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Which of the following refers to reduced oxygenation of cells in tissues?
Hypercapnia
Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Which of the following are causes of hypercapnia?
Hypoventilation of the alveoli
Depression of the respiratory center by drugs and diseases of the medulla like infections or trauma
Spinal cord disruption or poliomyelitis and diseases of neuromuscular junction- myasthenia gravis or muscular dystrophy
Thoracic cage abnormalities: chest injury or congenital abnormalities
Tumors that obstruct large airways, sleep apnea, and emphysema
What are the consequences of hypercapnia?
Respiratory acidosis
Somnolence
Coma
Secondary hypoxemia
Compensatory hyperventilation
Which of the following occurs when alveolar hypoventilation results in hypercapnia? Alveolar hypoventilation in relation to the metabolic production of CO2 produces respiratory acidosis by an increase in the concentration of carbonic acid.
Respiratory acidosis
Somnolence
Secondary hypoxemia
Compensatory hyperventilation
What is the compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis?
Renal bicarbonate retention
Hydrogen elimination
Renal bicarbonate elimination
Hydrogen retention
What is the best explanation for why V/Q mismatch can lead to hypoxemia?
V/Q matching would not be ideal, leading to inefficiency of gas exchange resulting in less oxygen brought in
V/Q matching would be ideal, leading to efficiency of gas exchange resulting in more oxygen brought in
What are the consequences of hypoxemia?
Respiratory alkalosis
End organ damage
Coma
Pulmonary hypertension leading to right sided heart failure or cor pulmonale
Compensatory hyperventilation
Which of the following are examples of obstructive lung diseases?
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Asthma
Interstitial lung disease
Sarcoidosis
Which of the following are examples of restrictive lung diseases?
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Pleural diseases
Chest wall diseases
Interstitial lung disease and infiltrative lung disease
Sarcoidosis
What is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio?
0.8
0.7
0.9
1
Obstructive FEV1/FVC ratio is _____ than normal, while restrictive FEV1/FVC ratio is ___________ than normal.
Lower; same or higher
Higher: same or lower
Same or higher; lower
Same or lower: higher
Which type of disease works at a higher lung volume compared to normal?
Obstructive
Restrictive
Which type of disease works at a lower lung volume compared to normal?
Obstructive
Restrictive
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role: in particular, mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells. In susceptible individuals, this inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. The inflammation also causes an associated increase in the existing bronchial hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli. Reversibility of airflow limitation may be incomplete in some patients with asthma
True
False
Which of the following are common symptoms of asthma?
Wheezing
Breathlessness
Chest tightness
Coughing especially at night or early morning
Many of the symptoms can be related to trigger events
The pathophysiology of asthma includes which cell types and the airway inflammation leading to:
Airflow obstruction: Bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, edema, mucus hypersecretion
BHR-bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Airway remodeling: in some patients
Mediated by eosinophils, T cells, mast cells, macrophages, epithelial cells fibroblasts, bronchial smooth muscle cells
Certain exposures cause inflammation causes a lot of eosinophils in these airways, which leads to airway _________, resulting in symptoms.
Airway hyperresponsiveness
Airway obstruction
Airway remodeling
Smooth muscle constriction, degranulation of mast cells (release of histamine), mucous plugs, mucus accumulation, and hyperinflation of alveoli describes:
Airway hyperresponsiveness
Airway obstruction
Airway remodeling
When airways change their characteristics to include fibrotic changes, scarring, thickening of basement membrane, epithelial membrane thickened, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and mucus plug formation describes:
Airway hyperresponsiveness
Airway obstruction
Airway remodeling
Decrease in FEV1 (obstruction), antigen exposure -> recognized and immunoglobulins will be formed. These Ig's will bind to mast cells will trigger mast cell degranulate (release histamine = bronchoconstriction) (minutes) describes:
Immediate asthmatic reaction
Late asthmatic reaction
Chronic asthma
After antigen presenting, other immune cells gets involved, such as eosinophils/cytokines. These trigger chemical mediators that result in submucosal edema and hyperresponsiveness (hours) describes:
Immediate asthmatic reaction
Late asthmatic reaction
Chronic asthma
Triggers eosinophilopoesis, makes more eosinophils in bone marrow. Leads to maturation of eosinophils, triggers chemical mediators that result in epithelial cell damage, mucus hypersecretion, and hyperresponsiveness (days) describes:
Immediate asthmatic reaction
Late asthmatic reaction
Chronic asthma
which of the following are characteristics of asthmatic bronchus?
Disturbed organization
Lost epithelial barrier (epithelial shedding)
Eosinophil infiltration
Mucous secretion
Smooth muscle atrophy
Which of the following are associated with chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchioles
Small airway disease –airway inflammation and airway remodeling
Defined as presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years
Destruction of lung parenchyma with a destruction of the alveolar walls
Loss of elastic recoil
Which of the following are associated with emphysema?
Inflammation of the bronchioles
Small airway disease –airway inflammation and airway remodeling
Defined as presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years
Destruction of lung parenchyma with a destruction of the alveolar walls
Loss of elastic recoil
Which of the following account for why lung tissue is destroyed in COPD?
Oxidative stress
Excess proteinaeses
Surfactant deficiency
Release of toxic neurotransmitters
What genetic deficiency has been linked to COPD?
Deficiency of protective antiprotease alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)
Surfactant deficiency
Vitamin B complex deficiency
Autosomal recessive inherited disorder
What are the risk factors for COPD?
Cigarette smoking
Environmental exposures and genetic predisposition
Asthma: can compound the risk of developing COPD and factors that affect lung growth during gestation and early childhood
Infection –historical infection association
Socioeconomic status –inversely proportional to risk
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Deficiency of protective antiprotease alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)
Surfactant deficiency
Vitamin B complex deficiency
Autosomal recessive inherited disorder. CFTCR gene encodes an epithelial chloride transporter > 1800 mutations known in this gene. Mutations divided into 6 classes based on the severity of disease expressed.
What are the manifestations of RSD?
Signs of RDS appears within minutes of birth including tachypnea, expiratory grunting, intercoastal and subcostal retractions, nasal flaring, and cyanosis
Severity tends to increase over the first 2 days of life
Apnea and irregular respirations occur
Ventilator support is often required
Treatment is using exogenous administration of surfactant within 15-30 minutes of birth
What causes RSD in newborns?
Deficiency of protective antiprotease alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)
Surfactant deficiency
Vitamin B complex deficiency
Autosomal recessive inherited disorder. CFTCR gene encodes an epithelial chloride transporter > 1800 mutations known in this gene. Mutations divided into 6 classes based on the severity of disease expressed.
What are the manifestations of CF?
Signs of RDS appears within minutes of birth including tachypnea, expiratory grunting, intercoastal and subcostal retractions, nasal flaring, and cyanosis
Persistent cough, wheeze, excessive sputum production, and recurrent or severe pneumonia
Apnea and irregular respirations occur
Barrel chest develops over time, also digital clubbing
Screening for newborn is common
What is the function of the pleural sac in pulmonary physiology?
Allows the layers to slide over each other as the lungs inflate and deflate during respiration
The outer wall adheres to the chest cavity and the inner wall adheres to the lungs and creates a closed compartment
To form a blood-lung barrier
To aid in the physical movement of inflation and deflation
What is the function of the intrapleural fluid in pulmonary physiology?
Allows the layers to slide over each other as the lungs inflate and deflate during respiration
The outer wall adheres to the chest cavity and the inner wall adheres to the lungs and creates a closed compartment
To form a blood-lung barrier
To aid in the physical movement of inflation and deflation
What is a pneumothorax?
Lungs collapsed when chest wall is opened
Lungs collapsed when chest wall is closed
Lungs expand when chest wall is opened
Lungs expand when chest wall is closed
Made of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, up until terminal bronchioles. No alveoli or gas exchange. Conduct, clean, warm, and moisten air. “Anatomic dead space” describes:
Conducting zone (upper)
Respiratory zone (lower)
Made of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli. Where gas exchange takes place describes:
Conducting zone (upper)
Respiratory zone (lower)
Which of the following are associated with the conducting zone?
Provides low resistance pathway for air to flow
Defends against microbes, toxic chemicals via mucus, cilia, phagocytes
Warms and moistens air
Helps with vocalization – vocal cords
Where gas exchange takes place
List the parts of the lower respiratory tract starting from trachea.
Trachea, primary left and right primary bronchi, secondary bronchioles, tertiary bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
no
How many generations are there in the lower respiratory tract?
23
16
7
30
Describe the features of alveoli that allow efficient gas exchange in the alveoli.
Large surface area to absorb oxygen
Moist surface to allow oxygen to dissolve
Thin lining to allow easy diffusion of gases
Dense network of blood capillaries to allow easy gas exchange
Choose the correct pairs of cells found in alveoli.
Mostly type 1 alveolar cells which have very thin walls to allow for easy gas exchange
Type 2 alveolar cells which secrete surfactants and therefore reduces the surface tension in the alveoli
Type 1 alveolar cells which secrete surfactants and therefore reduces the surface tension in the alveoli
Mostly type 2 alveolar cells which have very thin walls to allow for easy gas exchange
Describe the histological/cellular characteristics of the walls of the respiratory passages in the trachea/bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Trachea/bronchi have large lumen and goblet cells (mucus secretion), columnar cells, capillaries, cartilage, glands
Bronchioles have cuboidal cells and a thin layer of water and mucus
Alveoli have Type and Type II (secrete surfactant) alveolar cells
Bronchioles have squamous cells and a thick layer of water and mucus
Trachea/bronchi have small lumen and goblet cells (mucus secretion), cuboidal cells, capillaries, cartilage, glands
Which of the following are true for MCC?
MCC = mucociliary clearance
It is the innate defense mechanism of the lungs to remove inhaled insoluble particles in the normal host.
Inhaled particles that get stuck in the mucus of the ciliated airways are trapped in a blanket of mucus which covers the epithelium of lungs
MCC can change in certain situations such as when dust, bacteria, and smoke. This will result in reduced MCC.
Movement of mucus depends on chloride secretion (cystic fibrosis = defect in channel = thick mucus).
Facilitates gas exchange, delivers nutrients, reservoir for left ventricle and serves as filtering system. Pulmonary artery divides and enters the lungs at the root branching. Capillary walls fuse with basement membrane of the alveolar septum. Each pulmonary vein drains several pulmonary capillaries. Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood away from heart to lungs and returns oxygenated back to heart.
Pulmonary circulation
Bronchial circulation
Pulmonary lymphatic capillaries
Part of systemic circulation. Supplies conducting airways, large pulmonary vessels, and pleura. Does not participate in gas exchange. Supplies blood to larger airways of lungs.
Pulmonary circulation
Bronchial circulation
Pulmonary lymphatic capillaries
Role in immune defense. Consists of deep and superficial lymphatic capillaries. Characterized by presence of macrophages.
Pulmonary circulation
Bronchial circulation
Pulmonary lymphatic capillaries
What factors control pulmonary circulation?
Pressures in pulmonary circulation are low
Humoral factors (stuff transported in circulation) control vasoconstriction or relaxation, although ANS nerves also important
Most important cause of pulmonary vasoconstriction is low alveolar PO2 = hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
Pressures in pulmonary circulation are high
Which of the following are true for how gravity regulates pulmonary blood flow in different parts of the lungs?
The pulmonary blood flow is influenced by the position of the body
If standing/sitting, then there’s a lot more blood at the base of the lungs. Same for lying on side or on back, blood flows to the base of whichever direction. This influences the pressures in the lungs.
Smaller the alveolar shape/more compressed = greater the blood supply/pressure.
Gravity has no affect on pulmonary blood flow in different parts of the lungs
Choose the correct pairs alveoli differences at the apex vs the bottom of the lungs.
At top of lung (apex) = alveoli are much bigger
At bottom of lung = alveoli are much smaller because they are compressed via gravity
At top of lung (apex) = alveoli are much smaller because they are compressed via gravity
At bottom of lung = alveoli are much bigger
Clearance (cough and MCC), secretions (mucus, surfactant, cellular components - lysozyme), cellular defenses (nonphagocytic - epithelium or phagocytic – blood and tissue), and biochemical defenses (proteinase inhibitors, antioxidants) describes:
Nonspecific defenses
Specific defenses
Ab mediated (IgA), Ag presentation to lymphocytes (macrophages and monocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells), Cell mediated/T cell dependent response (cytokine mediated and direct cell cytotoxicity), and nonlymphocytic cellular immune response (mast cell dependent and eosinophil dependent) describes:
Nonspecific defenses
Specific defenses
Which muscles participate in inspiration?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Internal obliques
Which are the correct pairs:
Quiet expiration is a passive process that involves when inspiratory muscles relax, and the elastic recoil of the lung forces the air out
Forced expiration is an active process involved with the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles (not used much)
Quiet expiration is an active process involved with the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles (not used much)
Forced expiration is a passive process that involves when inspiratory muscles relax, and the elastic recoil of the lung forces the air out
Which of the following are associated with inspiration?
Steps of inspiration: diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract > thorax expands > Pip (intrapleural pressure) becomes sub-atmospheric > (Ptp) transpulmonary pressure > lungs expand > Palv (alveolar pressure) becomes sub-atmospheric > air flows into alveoli
Air moves in and out of lungs due to changes in pressure of alveoli by atmospheric pressure
Inspiration = decrease in alveolar and intrapleural pressure with increase in volume of breath
Air moves in and out of lungs due to lack of change in pressure of alveoli by atmospheric pressure
Inspiration = increase in alveolar and intrapleural pressure with decrease in volume of breath
The magnitude of change in lung volume produced by a given change in transpulmonary pressure is:
Lung compliance
Total lung capacity
Risidual volume
Ventilation
What would be the effect of increase or decrease in lung compliance?
Increase in lung compliance would result in easier to expand lungs
Decrease in lung compliance would result in greater effort needed to be applied to produce lung expansion
Decrease in lung compliance would result in easier to expand lungs
Increase in lung compliance would result in greater effort needed to be applied to produce lung expansion
What factors affect lung compliance.
Surface tension
Stretch ability of lung tissue
Vasoconstriction
Pressures in pulmonary circulation
Which of the following are true for elastic recoil?
Elastic recoil is the elasticity of the lungs (deflates them when they relax)
It is the tendency for something to oppose being stretched or distorted
Elastic recoil affects compliance by being the INVERSE of elastic recoil
Thickening of lung tissue will decrease lung compliance
Refers to the cohesive state that occurs at a liquid-gas interface or liquid-liquid interface. Within the lungs, this occurs at the interface between the alveolar membrane and the airway. Increased ______________ increases cohesion within the alveoli, pulling the alveoli closed. Compliance is more easily achieved by decreasing ____________:
Surface tension
Elastic recoil
Surfactant
Lung compliance
Decreases surface tension, increases alveolar stability, prevents transudation (increased filtration and decreased absorption). Secretion of ________ decreases when breaths are small and constant and is stimulated to be released from stretching of Type II Alveolar cells by deep breathing.
Surface tension
Elastic recoil
Surfactant
Lung compliance
Describe the composition of pulmonary surfactant.
It is a lipoprotein with components dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and surfactant proteins A, B, C, D
It is a lipoprotein with components dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and surfactant proteins W, X, Y, Z
It is a carbohydrate with components dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and surfactant proteins W, X, Y, Z
It is a carbohydrate with components dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and surfactant proteins A, B, C, D
Which of the following statements is false:
Surface tension facilitates/increases elastic recoil
Surfactant reduces elastic recoil
Lung compliance goes up when you reduce surface tension
When you increase surfactant, you decrease surface tension and therefore increase compliance
Surface tension decreases surfactant which increases residual volume
Which of the following are associated with alveolar-blood gas exchange?
Dalton’s law - That a mixture of gases have a pressure that is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas
What determines the gas flow from one site to another? Gas flows from high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure
Via diffusion across cell membrane from area of high to low concentration. There is diffusion of gas from alveoli to blood by as blood flows through alveolar capillary, there is a diffusion of gases until equilibrium is reached.
_____ shift means decreased affinity (WANT) for Hb and ____ shift means increased affinity for Hb
Right; left
Left; right
What factors regulate right and left shift in the oxygen hemoglobin saturation curves?
pH - Lower pH causes shift to right
Temperature - increase in temp shifts to right
BPG - An increase in 2,3 – BPG causes right shift
CO2 - High CO2 levels cause a decrease in pH which shifts curve to right
The shift in oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve caused by changes in carbon dioxide and [H+] ion in the blood is called:
Bohr's effect
Dalton's Law
Haldane effect
Boyle's Law
What are mechanisms of CO2 transport in the blood?
Physically dissolved in blood
Carbamino compounds (mainly carbamino Hb bc most abundant protein)
Bicarbonate ion (80-90% of CO2 carries as HCO3)
Converted to CO
The ability of deoxygenated hemoglobin to carry more CO2 than in the oxygenated state. It causes venous blood to carry more CO2 than arterial blood and better facilitates CO2 release in lungs is called:
Bohr's effect
Dalton's Law
Haldane effect
Boyle's Law
It measures lung function, specifically the amount and/or speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled is called:
Spirometer
PulseOx
Peak flow meter
Positive Expiratory Pressure (PEP) device
Choose correct pairs:
Lung volumes are the measure of amount of air for one function (like inhalation or exhalation)
Lung capacities is any two or more lung volumes (like how much can be inhaled from a maximal exhalation)
Lung volumes is any two or more lung volumes (like how much can be inhaled from a maximal exhalation)
Lung capacities are the measure of amount of air for one function (like inhalation or exhalation)
Volume of air entering lungs in normal breathing (~500 mL) describes:
Tidal volume (TD)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume (RV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
The volume expelled by an active expiratory effort below TV describes:
Tidal volume (TD)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume (RV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
The air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation describes:
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume (RV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a quiet expiration. Is sum of RV and ERV (RV + ERV) describes:
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Vital capacity (VC)
Residual volume (RV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
The air inspired over the TV with a maximal inspiratory effect describes:
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Vital capacity (VC)
Residual volume (RV)
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Maximal amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (= TV + IRV + ERV) describes:
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Vital capacity (VC)
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
The VC when measured on a forced expiration describes:
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
In the first second, the volume of air exhaled during the first second of the FVC maneuver (usually 80% of FVC) describes:
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
The sum of residual volume (RV) and the vital capacity (VC). Is the total amount of gas in lungs/thoracic gas describes:
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
_____________ is the volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments (conducting airways) that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles but do not take part in the process of gas exchange itself.
Anatomical dead space
Physiological dead space
_____________ can be thought of as areas of the lung that are well ventilated but poorly perfused; hence, much of the ventilation to those areas is “wasted.” That is, the well-ventilated areas add little to gas exchange for lack of adequate perfusion.
Anatomical dead space
Physiological dead space
What physical factors influence airway resistance?
Airways held open by transpulmonary pressure and lateral traction (wider airways during inspiration)
Airways may be partially or totally occluded by mucus accumulation
Temperature
Diffusion across cell membrane
What chemical factors influence airway resistance?
Parasympathetic nerves = constricts
Adrenergic nerves = dilates
Histamine = constricts
Leukotrienes = constricts
Respiratory center in the brainstem is in the brain stem (medulla) controls respiration by transmitting impulses to respiratory muscles causing them to contract and relax. Composed of several groups of neurons.
True
False
What are the specialized neurons that form the respiratory center?
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center
Which of the following are true about the prebotzinger complex?
It is a neural network responsible for inspiration during respiratory activity
“Respiratory rhythm generator” – cells in the complex are thought to be the pacemakers of the respiratory rhythm
Receives projections from DRG and VRG
Respond to noxious gases, aerosols, and particulate matter
In epithelium of conducting airways. Respond to noxious gases, aerosols, and particulate matter. Trigger cough, bronchoconstriction and increase ventilation rate activates which lung receptor:
Irritant receptors (C fibers)
Stretch receptors
J-receptors
Localized in smooth muscle airways and sensitive to increases in size or volume of lungs. Stimulation results in decrease in ventilation rate and volume activates which lung receptor:
Irritant receptors (C fibers)
Stretch receptors
J-receptors
Located near capillaries in the alveolar septa. Sensitive to increased pulmonary capillary pressure, which stimulates them to initiate rapid, shallow breathing which causes hypotension and bradycardia activates which lung receptor:
Irritant receptors (C fibers)
Stretch receptors
J-receptors
Which of the following are associated with central chemoreceptors:
Regulate minute to minute changes in pH, located near respiratory center, monitor blood pH indirectly by sensing changes in CSF pH (CO2 from blood can diffuse across BBB), responsive to very small changes in pH and therefore changes in PCO2
Inadequate ventilation -> PCO2 increases CO2 diffusion into CSF increases -> stimulates central chemoreceptor -> stimulates respiratory center to increase the depth and rate of ventilation.
Don’t regulate minute to minute changes in respiration, located in carotid artery and aortic arch, kinda sensitive to changes in PCO2 and pH -> most sensitive to O2 levels in blood. PO2 must fall below 60 mmHg before peripheral chemoreceptors are activated
A decrease in PO2 and pH triggers peripheral chemoreceptors -> signal to respiratory center increase in ventilation
How is ventilatory rate controlled in response to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures?
As PO2 decreases, ventilation decreases. As PCO2 increases, ventilation rate increases = becoming more acidic.
As PO2 increases, ventilation decreases. As PCO2 decreases, ventilation rate increases = becoming more acidic.
Which gas is the sensory system more responsive to?
CO2
CO
O2
O
When CO2 levels are high then that decreases the pH and makes it more acidic and this is sensed by central chemoreceptors. When CO2 levels are high there is increased ventilation, and the central chemoreceptors are activated to increase rate and depth of ventilation in order to expel CO2 faster.
True
False
____________ innervation causes bronchoconstriction. Dilation of pulmonary vessels. Secretion of mucus from bronchioles.
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
____________ innervation causes bronchodilation. Constriction of pulmonary vessels. Inhibits secretion of mucus from bronchioles.
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
