WorksheetsBio exam 3 quiz
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 51mins
The earliest terrestrial plants likely evolved from which one of the following?
Trees
Fungi
Bacteria orFish
Algae
What is the term for small openings found in plants that are involved in gas exchange and water loss?
Phloem
Roots
Xylem
Stomata
Shoots
2. Early plants may have used the base of their stems for anchoring and absorbing functions, or they may have used ___, which are hair-like outgrowths that anchor a plant in place.
Phloem
Stomata
Rhomboids
Rhizoids
The extracellular space that surround the symplast, one that contains everything outside of the plasma membrane, like the cell walls and spaces between cells is known as the:
Symplast
Apoplast
Plasmodesma
Cytosol
1. The cytosol of all the living cells in a plant, as well as the plasmodesmata together is known as the:
None of these answers is correct
Symplast
Cell membrane
Plasma membrane
2. What is the name for a route where water and solutes use a combination of the apoplastic and symplastic modes of transportation to transport things within a plant?
Protoplastic route
Transmembrane route
Apoplastic route
Symplastic route
What do we call the solution of water and solutes that travels through the transport tissues of a plant?
The solute
The sap
The xylem
The plant juice
Which plant tissue is responsible for transporting water up from the roots?
The xylem
The sieve-tube elements
The chloroplast
The phloem
What two forces are the driving factors behind xylem transportation?
Tension and cohesion
Photosynthesis and mitosis
Hydrostatic pressure and temperature
Solutes and sap
A fruit is
a mature ovary.
a mature ovule.
a seed plus its integuments.
an enlarged embryo sac.
Double fertilization means that
flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds.
every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo.
one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm
is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei.
every sperm has two nuclei.
“Bt maize”
) is resistant to various herbicides, making it practical to
weed rice fields with those herbicides
contains transgenes that increase vitamin A content.
includes bacterial genes that produce a toxin that reduces
damage from insect pests.
is a “boron (B)-tolerant” transgenic variety of maize
Which statement concerning grafting is correct?
Stocks and scions refer to twigs of different species.
Stocks and scions must come from unrelated species.
Stocks provide root systems for grafting.
Grafting creates new species
Some dioecious species have the XY genotype for male and
XX for female. After double fertilization, what would be the
genotypes of the embryos and endosperm nuclei?
embryo XY/endosperm XXX or embryo XX/endosperm XXY
embryo XX/endosperm XX or embryo XY/endosperm XY
embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XYY
embryo XX/endosperm XXX or embryo XY/endosperm XXY
A small flower with green petals is most likely
bee-pollinated.
bird-pollinated.
bat-pollinated
wind-pollinated.
The black dots that cover strawberries are actually fruits formed from the separate carpels of a single flower. The fleshy and tasty portion of a strawberry derives from the receptacle of a flower with many separate carpels. Therefore, a strawberry is
a simple fruit with many seeds.
both a multiple fruit and an accessory fruit.
both a simple fruit and an aggregate fruit.
both an aggregate fruit and an accessory fruit
The hormone that helps plants respond to
drought is
auxin.
abscisic acid.
cytokinin.
ethylene.
Auxin enhances cell elongation in all of these ways except
increased uptake of solutes.
gene activation.
acid-induced denaturation of cell wall proteins.
cell wall loosening.
Charles and Francis Darwin discovered that
auxin is responsible for phototropic curvature.
red light is most effective in shoot phototropism.
light destroys auxin.
light is perceived by the tips of coleoptiles.
4. How may a plant respond to severe heat stress?
) by reorienting leaves to increase evaporative cooling
by creating air tubes for ventilation
by producing heat-shock proteins, which may protect the
plant’s proteins from denaturing
by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids
in cell membranes, reducing their fluidity
The signaling molecule for flowering might be released earlier
than usual in a long-day plant exposed to flashes of
far-red light during the night.
red light during the night.
red light followed by far-red light during the night.
far-red light during the day
If a long-day plant has a critical night length of 9 hours, which 24-hour cycle would prevent flowering
16 hours light/8 hours dark
14 hours light/10 hours dark
4 hours light/8 hours dark/4 hours light/8 hours dark
8 hours light/8 hours dark/light flash/8 hours dark
A plant mutant that shows normal gravitropic bending but
does not store starch in its plastids would require a reevaluation
of the role of _____________ in gravitropism.
auxin
calcium
statoliths
differential growth
The body tissue that consists largely of material
located outside of cells is
epithelial tissue.
connective tissue.
muscle tissue.
nervous tissue
Which of the following would increase the rate of heat
exchange between an animal and its environment?
feathers or fur
vasoconstriction
wind blowing across the body surface
countercurrent heat exchanger
Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a
penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The __________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the__________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
elephant; mouse
elephant; human
mouse; snake
penguin; mouse
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same
shape has
less surface area.
less surface area per unit of volume.
the same surface-area-to-volume ratio.
a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio.
An animal’s inputs of energy and materials would exceed
its outputs
) if the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in
more energy because of its high metabolic rate.
if it is actively foraging for food.
if it is growing and increasing its mass.
never; due to homeostasis, these energy and material
budgets always balance.
You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and
relatively stable body temperature. How do you determine
whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
You know from its high and stable body temperature that it
must be an endotherm.
You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab
and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate
change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it
is an ectotherm.
You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environ[1]mental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm
You measure the metabolic rate of the reptile, and because
it is higher than that of a related species that lives in temperate forests, you conclude that this reptile is an endotherm and its relative is an ectotherm.
Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?
marine jelly (an invertebrate)
snake in a temperate forest
desert insect
desert bird
Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol. Protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes
occur inside cells in most animals.
add a water molecule to break bonds.
require a low pH resulting from HCl production
consume ATP.
The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the
pharynx
stomach.
large intestine
rectum
Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function?
stomach—protein digestion
large intestine—bile production
small intestine—nutrient absorption
pancreas—enzyme production
Which of the following is not a major activity of the stomach?
storage
HCl production
nutrient absorption
enzyme secretion
If you put the following events in the order they occur in the human digestive system, the third event in the series would be
Cells in gastric pits secrete protons.
Pepsin activates pepsinogen.
HCl activates pepsinogen
Partially digested food enters the small intestine.
After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit his or her dietary intake of
starch
protein.
sugar
fat.
If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap?
muscle proteins
muscle and liver glycogen
fat in the liver
fat in adipose tissue
Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?
the lungs of a vertebrate
the gills of a fish
the tracheal system of an insect
the skin of an earthworm
Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the
left atrium
right atrium.
left ventricle
right ventricle.
Pulse is a direct measure of
blood pressure.
stroke volume.
cardiac output.
heart rate.
When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
rising O2
falling O2
rising CO2
falling CO2
One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is
the number of heart chambers
a complete separation of circuits for circulation
the number of circuits for circulation
a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit
f a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except
the pulmonary vein
the trachea
the right atrium
the right ventricle.
Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arterioles has a
higher PO2
higher PCO2
greater bicarbonate concentration
lower pH
Which of these is not part of insect immunity?
enzyme activation of pathogen-killing chemicals
activation of natural killer cells
phagocytosis by hemocytes
production of antimicrobial peptides
An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody?
the tail
the heavy-chain constant regions only
variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined
the light-chain constant regions only
Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells?
B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity
B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times.
B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times.
B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response.
Which of the following statements is not true?
An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site.
A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens.
An antigen can have different epitopes.
A liver or muscle cell makes one class of MHC molecule.
Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?
the set of antibodies produced
the set of MHC molecules produced
the set of T cell antigen receptors produced
the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive
Vaccination increases the number of
different receptors that recognize a pathogen
lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen
epitopes that the immune system can recognize
MHC molecules that can present an antigen
Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response?
having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins
infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules
producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses
infecting and killing helper T cells
Unlike an earthworm’s metanephridia, a mammalian nephron
is intimately associated with a capillary network.
functions in both osmoregulation and excretion
receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid
has a transport epithelium
Which process in the nephron is least selective?
filtration
reabsorption
active transport
secretion
Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?
vampire bat
salmon in fresh water
marine bony fish
freshwater flatworm
The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except
active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb
the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons.
diffusion of urea from the collecting duct.
diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle
In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons?
a river otter
a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest
a mouse species living in a desert
a beaver
African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?
Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia
Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic
Urea forms an insoluble precipitate
Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool
Which of the following is not an accurate statement?
Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory system.
Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions.
Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function
Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops.
The hypothalamus
synthesizes all of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland
influences the function of only one lobe of the pituitary gland.
produces only inhibitory hormones
regulates both reproduction and body temperature.
Growth factors are local regulators that
are produced by the anterior pituitary
are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth.
are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division
bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells.
Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action?
oxytocin—stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
thyroxine—inhibits metabolic processes
ACTH—stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex
melatonin—affects biological rhythms and seasonal reproduction
What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common?
their solubility in cell membranes
their requirement for travel through the bloodstream
the location of their receptors
their reliance on signal transduction in the cell
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal?
greater production of T3 than of T4
hyposecretion of TSH
hypersecretion of MSH
a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin
The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of
an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems
homeostasis achieved by positive feedback
homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones
competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor
Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?
An individual may change its sex during its lifetime
Specialized groups of cells grow into new individuals.
An organism is first a male and then a female
An egg develops without being fertilized.
In male mammals, excretory and reproductive systems share
the vas deferens
the urethra
the seminal vesicle
the prostate
Which of the following is not properly paired?
seminiferous tubule—cervix
vas deferens—oviduct
testosterone—estradiol
) scrotum—labia majora
Peaks of LH and FSH production occur during
the menstrual flow phase of the uterine cycle
the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
the period just before ovulation
the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
During human gestation, rudiments of all organs develop
) in the first trimester.
in the second trimester.
in the third trimester
during the blastocyst stage.
Which of the following is a true statement?
All mammals have menstrual cycles
The endometrial lining is shed in menstrual cycles but reabsorbed in estrous cycles
Estrous cycles are more frequent than menstrual cycles.
Ovulation occurs before the endometrium thickens in estrous cycles
For which of the following is the number the same in human males and females?
interruptions in meiotic divisions
functional gametes produced by meiosis
meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete
different cell types produced by meiosis
Which statement about human reproduction is false?
Fertilization occurs in the oviduct
Spermatogenesis and oogenesis require different temperatures
An oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it.
The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in
the formation of a fertilization envelope.
the production of a fast block to polyspermy
the generation of an electrical impulse by the egg
the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.
Which of the following is common to the development of both birds and mammals?
holoblastic cleavage
epiblast and hypoblast
trophoblast
gray crescent
The archenteron develops into
the mesoderm
the endoderm
the placenta
the lumen of the digestive tract
What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments rather than in water?
extraembryonic membranes
yolk
cleavage
gastrulation
If an egg cell were treated with EDTA, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium ions,
the acrosomal reaction would be blocked
the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked
the fast block to polyspermy would not occur
the fertilization envelope would not form
In humans, identical twins are possible because
extraembryonic cells interact with the zygote nucleus
convergent extension occurs.
early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated.
the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells
Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were
totipotent.
determined.differentiated
differentiated
mesenchymal
What happens when a resting neuron’s membrane depolarizes?
There is a net diffusion of Na+ out of the cell.
The equilibrium potential for K+ (EK) becomes more positive.
The neuron’s membrane voltage becomes more positive.
The cell’s inside is more negative than the outside
A common feature of action potentials is that they
cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize
can undergo temporal and spatial summation
are triggered by a depolarization that reaches threshold
move at the same speed along all axons
Where are neurotransmitter receptors located?
the nuclear membrane
the nodes of Ranvier
the postsynaptic membrane
synaptic vesicle membranes
Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?
Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction.
The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltagegated Na+ channels.
The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon
Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction.
Which of the following is the most direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?
Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open
) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane.
Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft
An EPSP or IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic cell
Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an IPSP in postsynaptic cell X and an EPSP in postsynaptic cell Y. A likely explanation is that
the threshold value in the postsynaptic membrane is different for cell X and cell Y
the axon of cell X is myelinated, but that of cell Y is not.
only cell Y produces an enzyme that terminates the activity of the neurotransmitter
cells X and Y express different receptor molecules for this particular neurotransmitter
Which of the following is a function of fat?
Insulation
Structural support of organs
ushioning joints
Blood cell creation
Coenzymes required in the diet in very small amounts
Fertilizers
Minerals
Essential amino acids
Vitamins
Which organ accomplishes chemical digestion with acid and pepsin?
Stomach
Large intestine
Gall bladder
Liver
Once the bolus is chemically digested, it's referred to as
Feces
Bile
Chyme
Food
Which of the following is a bulk eater, an animal that consumes food whole?
Cat
Snake
Cow
Mosquito
What is the largest protein in the human body?
Titin
Mucin
Megalotin
Gigantin
Which of the following is required for muscle contraction?
ATP
Calcium
Myosin binding to actin
Near the end of an action potential, a refractory period occurs because...
Sodium channels are open
Potassium channels are slow to close
Sodium channels are closed
Nitrogen prohibits change to the membrane potential
Neurons have support cells called
Soma
Glia
Dendrites
Axons
True or False: Neurons send signals toward the axon terminals only.
t
f
What are the functions of a muscle?
movement- stability
communication
control of body openings and passage
heat production
What do herbivores eat?
autotrophs (plants and algae) ex. Gorillas, cattle
eat other animals ex. Sharks, hawks
regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae ex. Humans, Bears
what do Carnivores eat
eat other animals ex. Sharks, hawks
eat mainly autotrophs (plants and algae) ex. Gorillas, cattle
regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae ex. Humans, Bears
electrical signals (long-distance) and chemical signals (short-distance)
There are more than 100 neurotransmitters, belonging to five groups:
Neurons use two types of signals to communicate:
during the rising phase,
Neurons communicate with other cells at:
a complex set of paths and connections
Interpreting signals in the nervous system involves sorting:
Changes in membrane potential act as:
Neuron organization and structure reflect
Central Nervous System (CNS)
