Which of the following organisms utilize countercurrent exchange during respiration?

tracheal tubes

Oxygen enters the blood from water or air by way of diffusion, and diffusion rate increases with increased ____.

_____ and ___ are examples of oxygen exchange surfaces with a lot of surface area whereas exchanging oxygen across the body surface or tubes called tracheae have less surface area.

Path of air through the mammalian respiratory system

epiglottis

Oxygen is often transported on mineral-containing respiratory pigments. Oxygen binds to copper in hemocyanins and to iron in ______.

Oxygen is often transported on mineral-containing ____. ____ binds to copper in hemocyanins and to iron in ___. The ability of oxygen to bind or be released by hemoglobin is determined by the pH, oxygen concentration, and temperature.

The ability of oxygen to bind or be released by hemoglobin is determined by the ___, ____, and _____.

Gas exchange in air compared to gas exchange in water

A mammal uses almost ___% less energy to breathe on land than a fish does to breathe in water.

Which match correctly ?

____ have the most efficient respiratory system of any living vertebrate

Why are specialized respiratory structures necessary in a tadpole but not in a flatworm?

How does gas exchange differ among the following animals: earthworm, grasshopper, fish, and bird ? Select all that are correct

How does the countercurrent exchange system increase the efficiency of gas exchange between a fish’s gills and blood?

The countercurrent exchange system increases the efficiency of gas exchange because much ___oxygen is able to diffuse into the blood when the blood flows through the ___ in the ____direction compared with the water.

In birds, the narrowest branches of the airway end in tiny, thin-walled tubes called ______.

The direction of blood flow in the lungs is in a different direction from that of airflow through the parabronchi. This arrangement, similar in principle to the _____ exchange in the gills of fishes, increases the amount of oxygen that enters the blood. However, in birds, the capillaries are oriented at right angles to the parabronchi rather than along their length. For this reason, this arrangement is referred to as ____ exchange.

All respiratory surfaces need to be ___ and have ___ .

What are the four main type of respiratory surfaces

Most respiratory systems actively more air or water over their respiratory surfaces, a process known as ____

In aquatic animals, the body surface is kept moist by the ____, and in some terrestrial organisms, the respiratory surface is kept moist by ____.

Arthropods have a respiratory system consisting of a network of _____; air enters the system through small openings called ____ . In large insects, ____ pump air in and out of these openings.

The respiratory network of an arthropod terminates in small fluid-filled ___ where gas exchange takes place.

Sea stars have ____ gills. Gas exchange occurs between the ___ and the ___.

In bivalves, water is moved over the gills by the movement of the ___ and gas exchange also occurs across the surface of the ____

The gills of the bony fish have many ___ that extend out into the water and within which are numerous capillaries to exchange gases with the passing water.

In bony fish, blood flows through respiratory structures in a direction opposite to water movement, an arrangement called a ____ system. This system maximizes gas exchange because blood is always coming in contact with water that has a ____ amount of oxygen. This arrangement results in more than ____% of the available oxygen diffusing into the blood.

Lungs are respiratory structures that develop as ingrowths of the ____ or from the wall of a ____ such as the pharynx.

The ___ of spiders are within an inpocketing of the abdominal wall.

Modern bony fish almost all have a homologous structure, a __swim bladder__, that allows them to control their buoyancy.

Most amphibian gas exchange occurs across the ___

In reptiles, gas exchange is not efficient enough to sustain a long period of _activity __

In birds, air flows in ___ and is renewed during ____ cycles of ventilation. The air flows first to the ____ and from there is flows into ____ . From here, the air flows into the ___and then out of the body.

In birds, the blood flows at right angles to the parabronchi, where gas exchange occurs. This arrangement of airflow and blood flow is described as ___.

What is the sequence of inhaled airflow through the respiratory structures in a mammal?

The nasal cavities are lined with a ____ epithelium rich in blood vessels

Air flows from the nostril cavity into the ___. From here, air passes into the ___ and then the ___.

Food and water are prevented from entering the larynx by the ___.

The lungs are located in the ___ cavity. The right lung has __ lobes, and the left lung has __ lobes.

Each lung is covered by a ___ membrane and enclosed in a fluid-filled ___. Gas exchange occurs across the surface of the ___.

During inhalation (inspiration), the volume of the thoracic cavity ___as a result of the diaphragm ____ . During exhalation (expiration), the volume of the thoracic cavity ___ as a result of the diaphragm ____.

Forced inhalation also involves contraction of the ___

muscles, which has the effect of ___ the volume of the thoracic cavity.

The work of breathing is reduced by _pulmonary surfactant__ secreted specialized epithelial cells lining the surface of the alveoli.

Which is correct?

____ of partial pressures states that the total pressure in a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.

Fick's law of diffusion says the amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide that diffuses across the alveolar membrane depends on the difference in _____ of the gases on the two sides of the membrane and on the amount of ___ of the membrane.

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is about ___ mm Hg compared to about ___mm Hg in the tissues. Therefore, oxygen diffuses

____ the tissues.

____are copper-containing respiratory pigments found in the hemolymph of mollusks and arthropods.

The most common respiratory pigments found in animals are

The term hemoglobin is actually a general name for a group of related compounds. These compounds consist of an iron–porphyrin, or heme, group bound to a protein known as a globin.

Oxygen combines with the element ___ in the ___

group of hemoglobin. This "association" can be illustrated as Hb +O2 → HbO2 known as ___. The result is a compound that carries oxygen and releases it where it is in lower concentrations.

HbO2 is prone to dissociate in a/an ____

(acidic or basic) environment. A change in the normal HbO2 dissociation curve caused by a change in pH is known as the ______.

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms:

Any condition that interferes with the removal of carbon dioxide by the lungs can lead to ____, because carbon dioxide is allowed to build up in the blood.

Respiratory centers are located in the ___ and the neurons in the ____ regulate the rhythm of ventilation. Respiratory centers in the ___ regulate the transition from inspiration to exhalation

Changes in arterial carbon dioxide levels are sensed by chemoreceptors in the ____, walls of the ____, and walls of the ____ arteries. When stimulated, they send signals that increase ______.

A decrease in pH leads to ____ breathing and an increase in pH leads to ___ breathing

Changes in ___ have the least affect on breathing

shallow breathing leads to hypoxia, a deficiency in oxygen

Irreversible brain damage occurs within about ___ minutes of the start of oxygen deprivation.

A certain concentration of carbon dioxide is needed in the blood to maintain normal blood pressure.

Regardless of the altitude, the concentration of the oxygen in the air remains at ___ %. However, the ____ of oxygen does change with altitude.

A sudden decrease in environmental pressure may cause the release of dissolved gases in the blood in the form of bubbles that block capillaries, causing a very painful syndrome which is commonly called "the bends," and in the scientific community is called ____.

The diving reflex is present to some extent in humans. Several physiological changes occur that can lead to the survival in cold water of near drowning victims. The changes are: a slowing of ____, increased ____, shunting of blood to ____ and decreases in flow to extremities, and a decrease in _____.

When dirty air is breathed into the lungs, the bronchial tubes narrow as part of a response called ___.

What mechanisms does the human respiratory system have for getting rid of inhaled particles? check all that apply

Pulmonary emphysema, a disease also most common in cigarette smokers

What happens when so much dirty air is inhaled that respiratory system's defense mechanisms cannot function effectively? diseases such as