Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland include the following.

Older adults have a reduced renal response to ADH. What is the significance of this age-related change?

Which of the following hormones is involved in the process of reproduction?

The major function of catecholamines is:

Which of the following are physiologic effects of Glucocorticoid drugs?

Characterized by the excessive output of dilute urine.

Which of the following are symptoms of DI.

Which of the following diet would you recommend to a patient dx with Cushing's syndrome?

Which of the following is a cause of Cushing syndrome?

Long-term use of some herbs, including celery, juniper, licorice, and parsley, can cause hypokalemia for a patient dx with Cushing syndrome.

Reducing sodium intake can decrease edema and related weight gain for a patient dx with crushing syndrome.

Cushing syndrome affects men 8 times more than women.

Which of the following adrenergic symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Which of the following are neuroglycopenia symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Primary adrenal insufficiency.

Result of a destructive disease process affecting the adrenal glands that cause deficiencies of cortisol and aldosterone.

Resulting from an overproduction of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary usually in middle-aged adults.

Disease caused by excessive growth in children and young adolescents results in excessive proportional growth.

Attainment of maximum height that is 40% below normal.

A patient who has recently started tx for acromegaly says " I will be so glad to look like myself again!" Which of the following is the most appropriate response?

The nurse is educating a middle-aged patient with a new diagnosis of acromegaly. The patient asks the nurse if this diagnosis will cause the patient to grow to “as tall as a giant.” What should the nurse understand about acromegaly?

The nurse is caring for a patient who has been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. Which patient problem should have the highest priority?

The nurse is caring for a patient after intracranial surgery. The patient develops a sudden onset of polyuria accompanied by extreme thirst, dilute urine, and hypotension. The nurse suspects the patient has which disorder?

The nurse is helping a patient with Addison's disease select a diet for the following morning’s breakfast. Which selections would be the best choice for this patient?

After surgery to remove a pituitary adenoma, a patient complains of neck stiffness. Which of the following actions should you take?

Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin is a hormone that is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and is responsible for which of these actions?

What gland is located in the lower portion of the anterior neck and consists of two lobes on each side of the trachea?

The nurse is caring for a patient on oral drugs for diabetes mellitus. For the patient prescribed glipizide (Glucotrol), what does the nurse teach the patient about when to take the medication?

The nurse is caring for a patient who is prescribed glucocorticoids for adrenal insufficiency. What side effects does the nurse teach the patient to report? (Select all that apply.)

Medication used to treat a patient with hypoparathyroidism has been prescribed by the health care provider. Which medications would the nurse expect to find in the patient’s chart?

A patient with a history of hyperthyroidism returns to the unit 12 hours after thyroidectomy. The nurse notes tachycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias, vomiting, and fever. What does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing based on these findings?

Twelve hours after a total thyroidectomy, the patient develops dyspnea and respiratory distress. Which is the nurse’s priority intervention?

A patient is admitted to the hospital with a fasting blood glucose level of 120 mg/dL. What is this patient’s diagnosis?

Just before breakfast, the nurse accidentally administers 4 units of insulin glargine (Lantus) instead of 4 units of insulin aspart (Novolog). The patient has type 2 diabetes. What are the possible consequences for this patient’s blood glucose?

The nurse is caring for a 27-year-old male patient with diabetes. The patient takes 6 units of Humalog insulin with each meal along with glipizide (Glucotrol) 5 mg twice a day. The patient’s medications indicate which type of diabetes?

When there is a lack of insulin in the body, the blood becomes thick with glucose, causing an increase in osmolality. Which is a direct result of increased osmolality?

A patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes admits to the nurse that she has not been using her insulin because “it is too much of a hassle.” What should be included in the nurse’s response?

How does insulin affect protein and glucose metabolism? (Select all that apply.)

Patients with hypopituitarism who want to have children must be treated with which of the following hormones?

To regulate drug dosages for the patient with DI, which of the following records must be maintained?

Fluid and electrolyte imbalances associated with Addison's disease include the following? (SATA)

A patient who is brought to the emergency department has BP 88/40 mm Hg; pulse 108 bpm, thready; and dry skin and mucous membranes. He is confused. A medical alert card in his wallet states that he takes drugs for Addison's disease. Do you recognize the signs and symptoms of which of the following?

Nursing care of the patient with Cushing syndrome should include which of the following? (SATA)

Which of the following statements made by a patient who is being treated for hypothyroidism indicates the need for additional teaching?

You are notified that a patient with severe hypothyroidism is being admitted to your nursing unit. Which of the following actions are appropriate?

Which of the following findings are most likely in a patient with severe hyperthyroidism? (SATA)

You observe that a hyperthyroid patient has prominent, bulging eyeballs. What is the term to describe this condition?

In the immediate post-op period after a thyroidectomy, which of the following is the first priority?

Which of the following are classic signs of DKA?

A relative deficiency (ineffective amount of insulin) or absolute deficiency (lack of insulin) in addition to elevated counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone.)

Usually, appear in the fourth or fifth decade of life.

Occurs in early childhood or during puberty

 Growth stops due to structures closing.

Excessive growth occurs after the epiphyseal closes.

Swelling or lumps at the injection site.

Hallowing or pitting of the subcutaneous tissue at the injection site

 Losing weight in one part of the body and gaining weight in others, including organs.

The secretion of excess PTH. It is most often caused by a tumor called an adenoma. Usually develops gradually, symptoms are vague at first. The patient may report weakness, lethargy, depression, anorexia, and constipation. Another finding might include mental and personality changes, cardiac dysrhythmias, weight loss, and urinary calculi. If the patient’s condition is mild, or if the patient isn’t a good candidate for surgery, medical treatment is aimed at lowering serum calcium levels. The patient is instructed to maintain a high fluid intake to dilute the urine.

 A deficiency of PTH. Uncommon condition, usually caused by unintentional removal of or damage to parathyroid glands during surgery. Symptoms include painful muscle cramps, fatigue, weakness, tingling and twitching of the face and hands, mental and emotional changes, dry skin, and urinary frequency. Treatment sometimes includes parenteral PTH, this is not practical for chronic management.

This may develop in a client with hypothyroidism experiencing infection, trauma, or excessive chills, or taking narcotics, sedatives, or tranquilizers.

Which of the following are removal risks/alerts of parathyroid gland removal?

Results from diarrhea, inadequate dietary intake of calcium or vitamin D, multiple blood transfusions, and some diseases, including hypoparathyroidism. The most prominent sign is neuromuscular irritability manifested by a tingling sensation in the face and hands, muscle twitches, and progressively severe muscle cramps that typically affect the hands, feet, and legs first.

Thought to be an autoimmune disorder triggered by genetic/ and or environmental factors. Develops most often in women. Whether treated or not, the condition tends to have periods of remission and exacerbation. Some patients eventually develop hypothyroidism. Exophthalmos is a classic sign.

Frequently the result of a destructive disease process affecting the adrenal glands that cause deficiencies in cortisol and aldosterone. The most common cause is idiopathic atrophy, an autoimmune disease in which adrenal tissue is destroyed by antibodies formed by the patient's own immune system.

This is a life-threatening emergency that usually results from a sudden marked decrease in available adrenal hormones (This could be caused by abrupt withdrawal of steroid therapy, stress, adrenal surgery, and pituitary destruction.)

Manifestations include hypotension, tachycardia, dehydration, confusion, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoglycemia. If left untreated, fluid and electrolyte imbalances can lead to circulatory collapse, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, coma, and death.

 Characterized by the absence of endogenous insulin, mostly occurs in juveniles and young adults, but can occur in middle-aged adults. Requires insulin for the rest of their lives.

 Characterized by inadequate endogenous insulin and the body’s inability to use insulin properly. More common among adults, it is increasingly found in children as well. Can be controlled by diet and exercise. 

Characterized by abnormally increased synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. The most common types are Grave’s disease and multinodular goiter. 

Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Patients with a mild form of this disease may only experience weight loss and nervousness. In more severe cases, the patient’s history may reveal restlessness, irritable behavior, sleep disturbances, emotional lability, personality changes, hair loss, and fatigue. Weight loss even though the patient is eating well is common.

Treatment includes drug therapy including antithyroid drugs ( block synthesis, release, or activity of thyroid hormones.), and beta-adrenergic blockers. Radiation therapy and surgery are also treatment options.