WorksheetsPrincipals of Exposure
Total questions: 84
Worksheet time: 42mins
A factor that affects the amount of scatter produced is
the irradiated material
milliamperage
anode composition
time
A key factor that effects the amount of scatter produced is
time
milliamperage
anode composition
kilovoltage
A radiographer can best minimize the amount of scatter radiation reaching the image receptor by restricting the beam
true
false
A radiographer can best reduce the amount of scatter radiation from reaching the receptor by
utilizing a grid
collimating
beam restriction
all of the above
All of the following are considered beam-restricting devices EXCEPT
beam filter
aperture diaphragm
collimator
positive beam limitation (PBL) device
An effective method for reducing scatter radiation production is the
selection of small focal spot
use of x-ray beam angulation
15% rule of kVp change
use of an increased exposure time with mA compensation
As more photons pass through the irradiated material UNATTENUATED, the resulting image receptor will
increase
decrease
be unchanged
demonstrate greater image distortion
As the kilovoltage increases, the percentage of photons that undergo a ______ interaction will decrease.
characteristic
Compton
coherent
photoelectric
As the kilovoltage increases, the percentage of x-rays that undergo _______ interactions will increase.
Bremsstrahlung
Compton
coherent
photoelectric
As the volume of irradiated tissue _____, the amount of scatter produced ____.
decreases; increases
increases; increases
decreases; decreases
increases; decreases
Automatic collimators are known as positive beam limitations (PBL) devices.
True
False
Bone absorbs more radiation and produces more scatter than soft tissue.
True
False
Cones and cylinders would be commonly employed for the following examinations EXCEPT
L5 - S1 spot
AP thoracic spine
skull
orbits
If an increase in kilovoltage is accompanied by a reduction in mAs, to maintain the same exit dose the overall result will be
a decrease in the amount of scatter produced
a decrease in the amount of radiation produced
an increase in the amount of scatter produced
an increase in the amount of radiation produced
Image quality is improved when scatter reaching the image receptor is reduced.
True
False
Lead masks may serve as beam restrictors.
True
False
PBLs may also filter the x-ray beam
True
False
Penumbra is a geometric unsharpness around the periphery of an image.
True
False
Placing a lead blocker adjacent to an obese patient’s anatomy during a lateral lumbar spine radiograph
is unnecessary with todays digital receptors
will improve image quality
will reduce exposure to the patient
will reduce exposure to the radiographer
Scatter radiation in radiography is produced during
coherent or classical interactions
Compton interactions
an annihilation interaction
photoelectric effect interactions
Scattered photons from Compton interactions are of no use in demonstrating radiographic structures of interest
True
False
Scattered photons will
add to image receptor exposure
not be considered part of the useful beam
impair image quality
all of the above
Soft tissue absorbs more radiation and produces more scatter than bone.
True
False
The _____ the atomic number of the irradiated material, the _____ the number of photoelectric absorption interactions that occur.
higher; higher
higher; lower
lower; higher
lower; unaffected
The ____ the atomic number of the irradiated material, the ____ the number of photoelectric absorption interactions will be, and the ____ the scatter produced.
higher; higher; less
lower; higher; more
lower; lower; less
higher; lower; less
The collimation assembly of a radiographic unit
allows the radiographer to adjust the field size in a circular dimension
all of the a above
employs an upper and lower set of shutter blades
removes the mirror assembly for exposures
The principal factors that affect the amount of scatter produced are focal spot size and the type of irradiated material.
False
True
The shutters of a collimator
reduce penumbra
reduce stem radiation
regulate field size
all of the above
The volume of the irradiated tissue increases as
patient density increases
field size and patient thickness increase
tissue composition increases
patient orientation to the beam changes
When a beam - restricting device is used to limit field size, technical factors may need to _____ to compensate for the change in image receptor exposure.
be increased
none of the above
remain unchanged
be decreased
When collimating down from a 14”x17” field size to a 8”x10” field size,
mAs must be increased to maintain image receptor exposure
off-focus radiation production is increased
the mAs should be reduced by 50 %
kVp must be increased to maintain image quality
When kilovoltage is increased with no other changes in technical factors, fewer scattered photons will result.
True
False
When more photons are absorbed photoelectrically, the image receptor will
receive less exposure
not operate due to lack of photons
increase its sensitivity automatically
receive increased exposure due to the increase in secondary radiation production
Which of the following is placed between the patient and the image receptor to absorb scatter radiation?
AEC detector
cylinder
collimator
radiographic grid
Accurate patient positioning has very little impact upon subject distortion
True
False
All of the following are related EXCEPT
Fat
Barium
Bone
Air
All of the following are true of Compton scatter EXCEPT
It is a significant contributor to occupational radiation exposure.
Its production increases as tissue density increases.
Its contributes no meaningful information the final image
It is not a factor of exposure technique selection.
All of the following pathological conditions would warrant an increase in exposure EXCEPT
Bronchiectasis
Ascites
Anorexia nervosa
Osteopetrosis
All of the following refer to patient factors contributing to image quality EXCEPT
Subject detail
Tissue density
Subject contrast
Receptor contrast
As subject density ____, image receptor exposure ____.
decreases; decreases
increases; increases
increases; remains the same
increases; decreases
Attenuation is greater for elements with more ____ with which the photons may interact.
Neutrons
Positrons
Protons
Electrons
Because of its tissue composition, the human breast
Yields a high contrast image
Is a high subject contrast structure
is considered a high-attenuator of x-ray energy
is a low subject contrast structure
Bone produces less image receptor _____ because it attenuates the x-ray beam more than soft tissue does.
Exposure
Detail
Distortion
Contrast
Clinically speaking from a diagnostic viewpoint, the only USEFUL radiation exposure is that radiation
absorbed in the patient
produced from Compton interactions
that traverses through the grid
detected by the receptor
Distortion is the misrepresentation of the _____ of an object.
width
length
shape
all of the above
For most additive pathologies, an increase of ______ in kVp, is generally enough to compensate for the added attenuation.
5% - 15%
33%
none of the above
20% - 25%
For the same exposure intensity, air produces
less exposure intensity to the receptor than other materials.
greater exposure intensity to the receptor than other materials.
the same exposure intensity to the receptor as other materials
less exposure intensity due to the high degree of photoelectric absorption
Shape distortion can be the result of a patient's body habits.
True
False
Subject density refers to the impact the patient has on the resulting image receptor exposure.
True
False
Subject distortion occurs naturally.
True
False
The ____ the body part, the ____ the attenuation.
thicker; greater
thinner; greater
more dense; less
thicker; less
The beam emitted from the patient contains diagnostic information.
True
False
The degree of differential absorption is referred to as
subject density
subject contrast
image receptor exposure
material contrast
The incident beam is significantly altered as it passes through the patient.
True
False
The patient has an impact on all the properties that affect radiographic quality.
True
False
The primary source of radiation exposure for occupational personnel is due to
Compton scatter
coherent scatter
photoelectric effect
classical scatter
The recorded detail of a structure is dependent on
the size of the part
the placement of the body in relationship to the film
its position within the body
all of the above
The relationship between image receptor exposure and the patient is termed subject density.
True
False
The relationship between radiographic contrast and the patient is termed subject contrast.
True
False
The relationship between radiographic quality and the patient is termed image receptor exposure.
True
False
When performing a KUB on a patient with ascites, using AEC and the proper detector combination, the responsible radiographer would:
decrease the kVp to reduce the amount of Compton scatter
take a scout image using manual techniques, to establish a back-up time for the AEC
immediately increase the AEC sensitivity to +2
allow the AEC system to adjust the exposure for the patient condition
Which of the following elements would attenuate a greater percentage of the x-ray beam?
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Calcium
Which of the following elements would attenuate a lesser percentage of the x-ray beam?
Barium
Phosphorus
Carbon
Iron
Which of the following is the greatest attenuator of the x-ray beam?
Perirenal fat
Psoas muscle
Pneumonic lung
Pericardial fat
Which of the following is the least attenuator of the x-ray beam?
Psoas muscle
Aerated lung
Pericardial fat
Perirenal fat
With a patient in the supine position, the anatomical structure that would demonstrate the greatest subject detail would be the
Nasal bones
Vertebral pedicles
Spinous processes
Sternum
With the patient in the posterior–anterior projection of the abdomen (prone),
the anterior ribs would have high resolution.
the psoas muscles would have high resolution.
renal stones would have high resolution.
the lumbar vertebrae would have high resolution.
With the perfusion of iodinated contrast material into the kidneys,
a greater degree of Compton scatter is produced from the kidneys.
there is less distinction between kidney structures.
a greater degree of photoelectric interactions will occur in the kidneys.
the kidneys will demonstrate lower subject contrast.
X-rays are attenuated
Lineraly
Exponentially
As a function of mAs
Based upon the direction of the central ray
Patient factors include _____.
body composition and patient height
patient height and patient gender
anatomical thickness and body composition
anatomical thickness and patient gender
Which body habitus indicates an average patient?
Asthenic
Sthenic
Hypersthenic
Hyposthenic
Which body habitus indicates a thin, but healthy appearing patient?
Sthenic
Hyposthenic
Hypersthenic
Asthenic
Patient thickness affects radiographic technique by affecting _____.
source to image receptor distance
mAs and kVp settings
object to image receptor distance
source to object distance
A high quality radiographic image should always demonstrate_____.
structures and tissues
minimum magnifications
maximum distortion
high contrast
Spatial resolution is limited to _____.
motion
brightness of the display monitor
pixel size
postprocessing
What is the formula for the magnification factor?
MF = (SID/SOD)2
MF = SOD/SID
MF = SID/SOD
MF = SID2/SOD
Distortion can be reduced by _____.
placing the object plane parallel to the image plane
increasing the SID and the OID
placing the object plane perpendicular to the image plane
directing the central ray 15" from the object plane
Which of these body parts has the highest subject contrast?
skull
abdomen
pelvis
chest
Radiographic image quality is improved when the ______ is increased
film speed
screen speed
source image distance
focal spot size
Radiographic technique charts embedded in the operating console are based on hypersthenic.
True
False
Patient thickness should not be guessed.
True
False
Foreshortening of the image is when the anatomical part appears smaller than normal.
False
True
The visibility of image detail is best measured by spatial resolution.
True
False
Pathology can appear with increased radiolucency or radiopacity
False
True
