Each kidney is about _____ centimeters long.

The kidneys are located on either side of the _____ column, high in the lumbar region.

The dark, inner part of the kidney is divided into _____.

The renal cortex is the deepest part of the kidney.

The basic working unit of each kidney is the _____.

The inner surface of the glomerular capsule space is formed by _____.

Fluid that reaches the end of the distal convoluted tubule enters the collecting duct.

Blood enters the kidney via the _____ artery.

As blood passes through a second set of capillaries, it reabsorbs most of the fluid that it lost in the _____.

The three processes involved in urine formation are filtration, _____, and secretion.

Glomerular filtration is the movement of water and solutes from capillaries into the _____.

The total amount of water filtered in a unit of time is called the glomerular filtration rate.

In the glomerulus, the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries is _____ mmHg.

Hydrostatic pressure is created by the presence of dissolved substances in water.

The movement of water from an area of low osmotic pressure to an area of high pressure is known as _____.

Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal ______ tubule.

Unlike filtration, secretion is a passive process.

Water can leave the filtrate in the descending limb, but not the _____ limb.

The hormone _____ circulates in the blood and binds to the protein angiotensinogen.

ADH, also known as aldosterone, is secreted more when blood osmolality increases.

Which of the following organs stores urine?

The _____ connects the urinary bladder to the outside.

The release of urine from the bladder is called micturition.

Impulses sent to the bladder cause the _____ to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax

_____ is a standard part of a complete physical examination

A urine pH of _____ is typical

Normal urine has a specific gravity of 1.003 to 1.035.

The presence of red or white blood cells, _____, or glucose in urine is abnormal.

Measurement of which of the following chemicals is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate?

Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are the same disease.

Type _____ diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed.

In a person with diabetes insipidus, the brain does not make _____ hormone.

_____ is defined by a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 milliliters per minute.

Renal dialysis is a healthy, long-term alternative to normal kidney function.

Renal _____ is the removal of wastes from the blood by artificial means.

In peritoneal dialysis, dialysis fluid is added to the _____ cavity.

A(n) _____ is a solid crystalline mass that forms in the urine.

Lithotripsy is the use of intense, ultrasonic sound waves to break up a kidney stone.

A(n) _____ is usually caused by bacteria that enter the urethra at its outside opening