the absence of any organized government

power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate

power legitimized on the basis of a leader’s exceptional personal qualities

national governments that recognize monarchs but require these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution

a form of government that provides all citizens with an equal voice or vote in determining state policy

a form of government in which a single person (or a very small group) wields complete and absolute authority over a government or populace after the dictator rises to power, usually through economic or military might

a form of government in which a single person (a monarch) rules until that individual dies or abdicates the throne

a form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group

a concept holding that each person’s vote should be counted equally

a type of authority wherein military and administrative factions enforce the power of the master

a means of studying a nation’s or group’s underlying social norms as values as evidenced through its political structure and practices

the ability to exercise one’s will over others

a small group of powerful people who control much of a society

power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws

a government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests

an extremely oppressive form of dictatorship in which most aspects of citizens’ lives are controlled by the leader

power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs

workers being replaced by technology

a process where people exchange one form of goods or services for another

an economic system in which there is private ownership (as opposed to state ownership) and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth

a practice where children tend to enter the same or similar occupation as their parents

a sociological theory to explain how and why societies move toward similarity over time as their economies develop

a sustained recession across several economic sectors

the social institution through which a society’s resources (goods and services) are managed

a practice where products are assembled over the course of several international transactions

internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing

a subtype of socialism that adopts certain traits of capitalism, like allowing limited private ownership or consulting market demand

a form of social cohesion that comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion, as might be found in simpler societies

an economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges

an object that a society agrees to assign a value to so it can be exchanged as payment

a form of socialism under which individuals and cooperative groups exchange products with one another on the basis of mutually satisfactory contracts

a form of social cohesion that arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work

a practice where jobs are contracted to an outside source, often in another country

a practice where the differences between low-end and high-end jobs become greater and the number of people in the middle levels decreases

two or more consecutive quarters of economic decline

an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as “state run”) of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society

a societal level of disjuncture between people seeking jobs and the jobs that are available

farming where farmers grow only enough to feed themselves and their families

a state in which a person accepts a lower paying, lower status job than his or her education and experience qualifies him or her to perform

an illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods

the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications

cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture

the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture

a social institution through which a society’s children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms

the learning of academic facts and concepts

the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

the type of nonacademic knowledge that people learn through informal learning and cultural transmission

education that involves learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society

an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding

an act that requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding

the use of education to improve one’s social standing

classifying students based on academic merit or potential

a formalized sorting system that places students on “tracks” (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities

the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system

the religion that believes in the divinity of nonhuman beings, like animals, plants, and objects of the natural world

the belief in no deities

religious groups that are small, secretive, and highly controlling of members and have a charismatic leader

a large, mainstream religion that is not sponsored by the state

a religion that is considered the state religion

sects that last but do not become denominations

the use of a church to promote social change via the political arena

a Christian church that has a very large congregation averaging more than 2,000 people who attend regular weekly services

a religion based on belief in a single deity

a religion based on belief in multiple deities

a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person holds to be sacred or spiritually significant

specific ideas that members of a particular faith hold to be true

the conviction or sensation that one is connected to “the divine”

behaviors or practices that are either required for or expected of the members of a particular group

a small, new offshoot of a denomination

the belief in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings

In what ways does religion serve the role of a social institution?

A cultural universal is something that:

Which of the main theoretical perspectives would approach religion from the micro-level, studying how religion impacts an individual’s sense of support and well-being?

Which perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps keep the social system running smoothly?

Which socialist perspective most emphasizes the ways in which religion helps to maintain social inequalities within a society?

Which of the following do the functionalist and conflict perspectives share?

The Protestant work ethic was viewed in terms of its relationship to:

What are some denominations of the Christian Protestant church?

A sect:

The main difference between an ecclesia and a denomination is:

Some controversial groups that may be mislabeled as cults include:

In what part of the world have Confucianism and Taoism been primarily practiced?

Many stories in the sacred text of Judaism are:

What do Christianity and Islam have in common?

Social scientists refer to the use of a church to combat social injustice in the political realm as:

Megachurches tend to have:

a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father’s or the mother’s side exclusively

the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person

the tracing of kinship through both parents’ ancestral lines

the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married

a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society

a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages

a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time

the family into which one is born

a family that is formed through marriage

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship

a person’s traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)

a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship

a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother’s side only

a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife’s family

the act of being married to only one person at a time

two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same household

a type of unilateral descent that follows the father’s line only

a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband’s family

a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time

the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time

a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time

a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant’s head

the tracing of kinship through one parent only