the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities

a form of slavery in which one person owns another

dominant capitalist countries

the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

the act of people pledging themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom

the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower

a theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority

the unequal distribution of resources between countries

the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work

nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization

the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living

in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace

a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one’s actual

income does not meet one’s expectations

a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unindustrialized countries

an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections

a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives

a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation

social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments

social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments

the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)

the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity

a lowering of one’s social class

unions of people within the same social category

unions of spouses from different social categories

a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole

the money a person earns from work or investments

a difference in social class between different generations of a family

a difference in social class between different members of the same generation

an ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing

a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son

the ability to change positions within a social stratification system

a socioeconomic system that divides society’s members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige

the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle

the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder

an increase—or upward shift—in social class

the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance

the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology

the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves

Defense of Marriage Act, a 1996 U.S. law explicitly limiting the definition of “marriage” to a union between one man and one woman and allowing each individual state to recognize or deny same-sex marriages performed in other states

the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female

a condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"

a person’s deeply held internal perception of his or her gender

society’s concept of how men and women should behave

an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations

an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals

an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society’s rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness

a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females

the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another

a person’s physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)

a person’s capacity for sexual feelings

socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked

behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality

an adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other

than their biological sex

transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery

and hormonal therapy

a theory which suggests that for individuals to enjoy old age and feel satisfied, they must maintain activities and find a replacement for the statuses and associated roles they have left behind as they aged

a theory which states that members of society are stratified by age, just as they are stratified by race, class, and gender

discrimination based on age

people in the United States born between approximately 1946 and 1964

people 100 years old or older

a group of people who share a statistical or demographic trait

a theory which states that the elderly make specific choices to maintain consistency in internal (personality structure, beliefs) and external structures (relationships), remaining active and involved throughout their elder years

the number of nonproductive citizens (young, disabled, elderly) to productive working citizens

a theory which suggests that withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural

part of growing old

the act of a caretaker intentionally depriving an older person of care or harming the person in their charge

a theory which suggests that we experience an increased dependence as we age and must

increasingly submit to the will of others, because we have fewer ways of compelling others to submit to us

deference and respect to one’s parents and ancestors in all things

a medical specialty focusing on the elderly

a type of social structure wherein the power is held by a society’s oldest members

a field of science that seeks to understand the process of aging and the challenges encountered as seniors grow older

a psychological, emotional, and social response to the feelings of loss that accompanies death or a similar event

healthcare that treats terminally ill people by providing comfort during the dying process

the period from birth to death, including a sequence of predictable life events

the number of years a newborn is expected to live

a theory which suggests that the primary cause of the elderly losing power and influence in society are the parallel forces of industrialization and modernization

the voluntary use of lethal medication provided by a medical doctor to end one’s life

the voluntary use of lethal medication provided by a medical doctor to end one’s life

aging that occurs due to controllable factors like exercise and diet

a theory based on the idea that successful personal development throughout the life course and subsequent mastery of the challenges associated with everyday life are based on the components of selection, optimization, and compensation

the aging process, including biological, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual changes

the aging process, including biological, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual changes

a specialized field of gerontology that examines the social (and sociological) aspects of aging

a theory that focuses on the shared community created by the elderly when they are excluded (due to age), voluntarily or involuntarily, from participating in other groups

people 110 of age or older

the systematic study of death and dying

the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group

the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture

the belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group

racism embedded in social institutions

theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and

other attributes

any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment

the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

the ideal of the United States as a “salad bowl:” a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the “flavor” of the whole

biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone

the act of real estate agents directing prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and business located in predominately minority communities

a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

the intergenerational impact of de facto and de jure racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth

the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

oversimplified ideas about groups of people

a group of people who have less power than the dominant group