Worksheetsquiz
Total questions: 143
Worksheet time: 2hrs 23mins
1) which tissues/organs store glycogen
(a)
which tissues/organs break down fat and protein to make glucose
(a)
what role does the pancreas play in glucose control? (Hyperglycaemia)
(a)
what role does the pancreas play in glucose homeostasis? ( hypoglycaemia)
(a)
what hormones increase appetite and where are they produced
(a)
what hormone decreases appetite and where is it produced
(a)
what is the conversion from kPA -> % in gas mix -> mmHg
(a)
what is a normal blood glucose? (range)
(a)
what is the blood glucose concentration (range) that is considered HIGH and often seen in diabetics
(a)
how does the hypothalamus send information to the anterior and posterior pituitary?
(a)
how does the hypothalamus send information to the anterior pituitary?
(a)
describe how appetite research has changed
(a)
How does activation of the AgRP + NPY the ARC affect activate?
(a)
How does activation of POMC and CART in the ARC affect appetite
(a)
Describe the reward pathway:
(a)
where is oxytocin and vasopressin made and stored?
(a)
what 3 behaviours does oxytocin cause?
(a)
compare oxytocin receptor levels and behaviour in prairie voles and montane voles
(a)
what Kilo-hertz of USBS relate to positive rat emotions?
(a)
what Kilo-hertz of USBS relate to negative rat emotions?
(a)
true or false: oxytocin causes pair-bonding/ partner-preference in prairie voles
true
false
Name 4 allostatic states:
(a)
How does CRH and cortisol affect appetite?
(a)
How can chronic stress affect hormones to cause depression?
(a)
with regards to the HPA axis describe PTSD
(a)
what three things can cause adverse programming of stress responsiveness?
(a)
what does maternal stress lead to
1)Low birth weight
2)increased HPA axis in adulthood
1) High birth weight
2) increased HPA axis in adulthood
which cells of the pituitary release Gonadotrophins
(a)
How does FSH and LH affect the testis?
(a)
what hormones feedback to the HPG (testis) axis in males?
(a)
describe spermatogenesis (key terms)
(a)
describe spermiogenesis:
(a)
describe oogenesis ( key terms)
(a)
in what stages are the oogonia + primary oocyte arrested?
(a)
what type of sac is the scrotum
(a)
describe testis anatomy- 3 things:
(a)
what muscles contract to pull testes closer to the body
(a)
how does the pampiniform plexus regulate testis temperature?
(a)
what is the function of the epididymis
(a)
when does the blood barrier start in testis?
(a)
what is the zona pellucida
(a)
what hormones are produced in the selectable stage of folliculagenesis:
(a)
what hormones are produced in the newly selected phase of folliculagenesis?
(a)
what hormones are produced in the LH surge
(a)
what hormones are produced in the Corpus luteum phase of folliculogenesis:
(a)
describe steroidogenesis:
(a)
what hormones have negative feedback on GnRH in females
(a)
describe the levels of LH and FSH throughout the menstrual cycle:
(a)
how does luteolysis at the end of the menstrual cycle affect follicle growth
(a)
where does sperm capacitation and fertilisation occur?
(a)
how are other sperm stopped from entering the egg?
(a)
what is compaction in the zona pellucida called?
(a)
what do trophoblast cells of the blastoma become?
(a)
Syncytiotrophoblast synthesizes and secrete hCG,what does hCG do?
(a)
Name the characteristics and mutation for achondroplasia
(a)
is Phenylketonuria (PKU) dominant or recessive
(a)
what gene is mutated in Spinal muscular atrophy (SMU).
(a)
what does an oncogene do and what type of mutation is it?
(a)
what does a tumour suppressor gene do and what type of mutation is it?
(a)
what do kinases and phosphatases (encoded by cancer genes) do?
(a)
what genetic mutation gives rise to chronic myeloid leukemia?
(a)
what drug treats chronic myeloid leukaemia?
(a)
which cytochrome P450 enzyme affects codeine-> morphine
(a)
Which cytochrome P450 enzyme affects warfarins inhibition of VKOR?
(a)
what the 3 most common birth defects?
(a)
what is diprosia?
(a)
describe the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway.
(a)
what is the effect of cyclopamine?
(a)
what diseases are caused by SHH defects
(a)
what mechanism underlies medulloblastomas?
(a)
name the 4 forelimb regions from proximal to distal
(a)
what axis does the AER specify and which protein does it produce?
(a)
what axis does the ZPA specify and which protein does it produce?
(a)
which gene determines digit formation?
(a)
which HOX genes specify the forelimb region and where are they?
(a)
which duct becomes the male/female gonad?
(a)
what sex chromosomes are in klinefelter + turner syndrome?
(a)
Name 2 male and 3 female genes that determine gonad formation
(a)
where are anti mullerian hormone + testosterone produced?
(a)
what does testosterone do in terms of male secondary sexual characteristics?
(a)
what does AMH do in terms of male secondary sexual characteristics?
(a)
do people with androgen insensitivity syndrome have male or female secondary sex characteristics
(a)
what converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?
(a)
what reaction does aromatase catalyse?
(a)
How does thalidomide lead to phocomelia
(a)
what is viral tropism:
(a)
is Gonorrhoea's grappling hook fimbriae or pili
(a)
Name 4 bacteiral virulence deteminants
(a)
describe the mechanism of cholera AB5
(a)
what is LPS made up of?
(a)
Name 3 phagocyte receptors
(a)
what signals stop natural killer cells from attacking cells
(a)
where does recombinase snip in V(D)J recombination?
(a)
what two receptors do T cells recognise?
(a)
Which T cell receptors recognise MHCI and MHCII
(a)
Name 5 antibiotic targets!
(a)
Name 4 ways in which antibiotic resistance arises.
(a)
What receptors does HIV bind to on what cells?
(a)
what role does integrase play in HIV replication?
(a)
what life cycle does malaria utilise?
(a)
what 2 plasmodium commonly cause malaria?
(a)
what type of mosquito spreads malaria?
(a)
what type of bacteria is TB
(a)
How does TB survive in macrophages?
(a)
name two treatments for TB:
(a)
Name the structures that sense and process Pain:
(a)
which two primary afferent fibre types are nociceptors
(a)
what receptors cause a generator potential in nociceptors
(a)
what nociceptor structure is in the dorsal horn and what chemicals does it release?
(a)
where does the descending pathway originate?
(a)
what neurotransmitters does the descending pathway use?
(a)
what gene is mutated in congenital analgesia and what ion channel is affected?
(a)
what part of the brain manages pain expectations?
(a)
what 3 things can increase chronic pain risk?
(a)
after injury what different cells are activated in males and females?
(a)
what 3 ways are ion channels gated?
(a)
what 2 organs become diseased in Cystic fibrosis
(a)
describe the structure of the CFTR transmembrane protein:
(a)
what ligand binds to CFTR, is it intra or extracellular?
(a)
what is the most common CFTR mutation?
(a)
name two CF drugs:
(a)
which neurotransmitter is excitatory and which is inhibitory?
(a)
What does GABA B cause?
(a)
Do neurons become more positive or negative when depolarised/excitated
(a)
describe the domain structure of SCNA1 subunit of Na1.1
(a)
what protein is mutated in Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?
(a)
How does valproic acid treat JME?
(a)
What protein is mutated in Dravet Syndrome? (SME1)
(a)
how does the mutated SCN1A in Dravet syndrome cause epilepsy?
(a)
How is insulin secreted from pancreatic B cells?
(a)
how many ion channels + regulatory subunits are there in Katp
(a)
What mutation causes neonatal diabetes?
(a)
What mutation causes PHH?
(a)
what drugs treat neonatal diabetes ?
(a)
what drugs treat PHHI?
(a)
what 3 functions does the cerebellum perform?
(a)
what are the 3 layers of the cerebellum?
(a)
Which layer of the cerebellum is the first to receive information?
(a)
How is the information passed to the purkinje cells?
(a)
what two ion channels assist purkinje cell function?
(a)
what is mutated in SCA5
(a)
what is mutated in SCA13
(a)
How is paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration acquired
(a)
