True or False: If two variables are strongly correlated, it means that a change in one variable directly causes the other to change as well (causation).

Distance from the equator is indicated with

Longitude lines are parallel on a sphere.

Longleaf is located at 35 degrees N, 78 degrees W. Which of these is its longitude?

What kind of map is this?

What kind of map is this?

What kind of map is this?

What kind of map is this?

When did the Big Bang occur?

Why couldn't elementary particles stick together at the very beginning of the universe?

The most common element in the universe is

The second-most-common element in the universe is

All stars are born from

What shape is our galaxy?

Our Sun is currently a what?

Right now, our Sun is primarily made of

What two forces are balanced in a star's middle age?

An ionized gas with electrons and protons in roughly equal proportions is called what?

Which process occurs in the core of main-sequence stars?

In a young star, what element is being created from fusion?

A star's core contracts multiple times during its life.

How long does it take for light to travel from the CORE of the Sun to the surface of the Sun?

How long does it take light to travel from the SURFACE of the Sun to the surface of the Earth?

Any time an electric charge moves from one place to another, what is created?

Light exhibits properties of both a particle and a wave.

The smallest possible quantity of energy that can be transported is called a/an

Photons have mass.

The higher the frequency of a wave, the

What type of EM radiation has the shortest wavelength?

What type of EM radiation has the longest wavelength?

Which types of EM radiation are emitted by the Sun? Choose all that apply.

Where are the Earth's magnetic fields strongest?

In thousands of years, the north star will be Vega instead of Polaris. Why is this?

Which of the following causes us to experience seasons?

There are 4 equinoxes every year.

The longest day of the year is the

What is the shape of the pathway that planets orbit the Sun in?

Orbital periods are proportional to the planet's distance from the Sun.

The amount of time it takes for a planet to complete a single cycle around the Sun is called

When one celestial body orbits another, they are actually both orbiting around the middle point of their combined mass, which is called the

The point in a planet's orbit closest to the Sun is called aphelion.

At what point in its orbit is a planet moving the fastest?

After the new moon, which of the following moon phases will occur first?

The Earth comes directly between the Moon and the Sun during a

What color does the moon appear to be when there's a total lunar eclipse?

In order to see a total eclipse, where must you be located?

How many HIGH tides are there in any given 24 hour period?

Tides occur at the same times in a given place every day.

What percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen?

What percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?

What layer of the atmosphere do we occupy?

Which of the following types of EM radiation do not make it through the Earth's atmosphere? Choose all that apply.

When wind blows perpendicular to a stationary front, what TWO things might happen to the front?

What country in the world has the most frequent and intense tornadoes? (overall, not by area)

In order for water vapor to condense into liquid, what is necessary?

Which types of clouds are at the highest altitudes?

Thunderstorms dissipate from the top downwards. (Meaning, the top disappears first.)

When water soaks into the most shallow layer of soil

What is the highest number on the pH scale?

What is the pH of acid rain?

What TWO gases are the primary causes of acid rain?

The largest source of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides is . . .

What toxic metal does acid rain leach from the clay in soils?

Emissions of the gases that cause acid rain have decreased since the Clean Air Act was passed in 1990.

The shape of a coastline can influence the tides in that area.

When heat is transferred via warm matter rising and cold matter sinking in a continuous cycle, this is called

If an air mass is sinking, it must be

Air masses are different in many ways. Which of these is NOT different?

If I blew up a balloon in a 72°F classroom and then took it outside where it is 100°F, what would happen to the volume of air in the balloon?

A front is

Winds are caused by differences in

What is this called?

What is a barometer used to measure?

High pressure areas tend to have what kind of weather? Select two answers.

Low pressure areas TEND to have what kind of weather? Select two answers.

Cyclonic winds in the Northern Hemisphere blow

Which of the following symbols represents an occluded front?

Warm fronts TEND to bring what kind of precipitation?

What would be the effect on the particles in the animation if more heat is supplied to the system?

Which of the following best explains why the sand at the beach is hotter than the water?

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature 1ºC for every gram is called____?

Water has a relatively _____ specific heat.

Decreasing water temperature causes the density of the water to ______.

Increasing water salinity causes the density of the water to ______.

Nutrients are brought to the surface for phytoplankton to use at _______.

________ and _______ affect the ocean's density and cause the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt to travel.

The more scientific name of the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt is _____.

What percentage of the Earth's water is freshwater?

Most of the Earth's freshwater can be found . . .

A kitchen sponge is . . .

Clay is . . .

Freezing ocean water would cause the remaining liquid water's salinity to . . .

Tributaries tend to be found in what river zone?

You are standing in the transition zone of a river. If you walk towards the headwaters, you are headed

Pesticides that wind up in bodies of water fall under what category of pollution?

If excess fertilizer runs off from agricultural fields into a river, what type of pollution would that cause?

During an El Nino, trade winds are typically...

What are the best approaches for handling stormwater? (select TWO)

Stormwater is treated at wastewater treatment plants before it reaches bodies of water.

What are the benefits of managing stormwater appropriately? (choose TWO answers)

What does "impervious" mean?

Saltwater intrusion occurs when . . . (pick TWO)

Saltwater intrusion is occurring faster now than it has in past decades.

What is land subsidence?

Which of the following industries increases arsenic in groundwater?

Water moving from wastewater pretreatment to primary treatment would be most appropriately referred to as . . .

Wastewater treatment plants fall under the scope of _____ engineering.

What does EPA stand for?

Which of the following is typically measured for water quality testing?

The benefits of dams include . . .

ENSO stands for . . .

The ENSO cycle is irregular, but it tends to reset every ________ years.

An El Niño or La Niña event usually lasts for _________ months.

El Niño MOST DIRECTLY effects what?

Wetlands are categorized based on . . . (choose TWO answers)

A inland wetland with acidic, sandy soil that is nutrient-deficient and poorly-drained is called a . . .

The water in estuaries is best described as . . .

When one lithospheric plate moves down into the asthenosphere under another plate at a convergent boundary, this is called . . .

What clue did humans have to indicate seafloor spreading was happening?

The Earth's magnetic field sometimes reverses itself

(north turns into south and south turns into north).

When was the theory of plate tectonics developed?

A single tectonic plate can have multiple types of boundaries (convergent, divergent, transform) along its borders.

What is the MAIN force that moves lithospheric plates?

Tectonic plates move at an average of a few ____ a year.

Which type of plate boundary is NOT prone to producing volcanoes?

What is molten rock called when it is BELOW the Earth's surface?

High viscosity ("gummy") lava tends to create

Volcanic ash creates very fertile soil.

Sandstone is a type of ________ rock.

What are the most common two elements that make up the Earth's crust?

Marble is a type of _________ rock.

Granite is a type of ________ rock.

What is the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

What type of rock can be formed from melting and crystallization?

What type of rock can be formed from erosion and weathering followed by compaction and cementation?

What type of rock can be formed from heat and pressure?

This rock is . . .

What kind of luster does this rock have?

What are the two categories of seismic waves?

What are the two types of seismic body waves?

Which type of seismic wave is pictured?

Which type of seismic waves are felt FIRST?

What is the name of the scale currently used to measure earthquake size?

A magnitude 8 earthquake is ten times larger than a magnitude 7 earthquake.

All faults are visible on the Earth's surface.

All earthquakes occur along plate boundaries.

Which type of fault is often found along transform plate boundaries?

Which type of fault is often found along divergent plate boundaries?

Which type of fault is pictured?

Most earthquakes cause a lot of damage.

The location within the lithosphere where a quake originates is called the

Landslides are particularly common in what TWO areas?

Some types of rock can be dissolved by water.

All sinkholes are the result of human activity.

Locations with either of these two types of rock may be more susceptible to sinkholes.

What is the difference between erosion and weathering?

Glaciers cause what kind of weathering?

Wind causes what kind of weathering?

Which of the following is an example of potential parent material? Select all that apply.

What does the O in CLORPT stand for?

Soil can vary significantly, but generally speaking, what percentage of soil is minerals?

Soil can vary significantly, but generally speaking, what percentage of soil is organic material?

Which soil particle is the largest?

Pesticides usually move through soil quickly and do not linger after they are applied.

Mountaintop Removal (MTR) is an environmentally harmful method of extracting what resource?

What is the first step in MTR?

True or false: Mining companies can legally dump toxic debris into valleys as "fill material".

True or False: Coal must be chemically treated before it is shipped to power plants for burning.

True or False: Sea ice always melts in the summer, no matter where it is.

Sea ice _________ a lot of solar energy.

Roughly what percentage of the Earth's glaciers are shrinking?

Which of the following is a Criteria Air Pollutant?

The Clean Air Act regulates motor vehicle emissions.

Which of the following government agencies is responsible for the Clean Air Act?

Emissions of the gases that cause acid rain have decreased since the passing of the Clean Air Act.

The human body confuses lead for what other substance?

VOCs . . .

A protective gas in the stratosphere, but a pollutant in the troposphere.

Composed of fibers known to cause lung disease

Emitted from most manufactured building materials and furniture

Catalytic converters are primarily found

Warm water holds _____ oxygen as compared to cold water.

Heat islands can exacerbate what meteorological event?

Which of the following is an appropriate way to mitigate heat islands?

The ocean is becoming more

What gas is primarily responsible for ocean acidification?

True or False: Ocean acidification causes clams and other bivalves to overproduce calcium carbonate, which makes their shells too large to function correctly.