The table below shows tide data for a location on the north shore of Long Island, in New York State.

Based on these data, what is the most likely time of the next high tide?

Which planet takes longer to complete one rotation on its axis than it does to complete one orbit of the Sun?

Jupiter is a Jovian planet. Compared to the terrestrial planets, Jupiter has a

The entire constellation of Orion is visible in the night sky in January to an observer in New York State. Which statement explains why this constellation is not visible in the night sky to this observer in June?

The approximate age of the universe is estimated to be

The photograph below shows the apparent path of the Sun photographed at 20-minute intervals and combined into one photograph.

Which motion is responsible for the apparent path of the Sun shown in the photograph?

The mass extinction of the dinosaurs, approximately 65.5 million years ago, is inferred by most scientists to have been caused by

The diagram represents Earth as viewed from space. Letter A represents the angle of tilt of Earth’s rotational axis. Line XY is perpendicular to the plane of Earth’s orbit.

What is the value of the angle represented by letter A?

In the spring, when snow cover on the land melts, the water will most likely infiltrate Earth’s surface where that land surface is

Water is returned from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere by

Which type of sediment sample normally has the greatest permeability rate?

The presence of which atmospheric condition will most likely result in clear skies in Binghamton, New York?

Which changes in air temperature and atmospheric pressure will normally be recorded by a weather balloon when it is released at Earth’s surface and rises through the troposphere?

Which gas is most effective in absorbing incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation in Earth’s stratosphere before that radiation reaches Earth’s surface?

The major cause of monsoon rains in India and southeast Asia is seasonal

The cross section below represents the windward and leeward sides of a mountain. The arrows show the direction of air movement over the mountain. Points X and Y represent locations on Earth’s surface.

Compared to the temperature and water vapor content of the air at location X, the temperature and water vapor content at location Y are most likely

Which surface ocean current transports cool water to lower latitudes?

Which land surface characteristics produce the greatest amount of absorption of insolation at Earth’s surface?

The planetary surface winds and air currents near Earth’s equator are usually

Oxygen in Earth’s early atmosphere was first produced during the Precambrian from

Which life-form existed on Earth for the shortest period of time?

During the late Silurian epoch, very salty seas extended from New York State to Michigan. These environmental conditions resulted in the formation of halite layers. At the same time, Eurypterus remipes lived in nearby environments. Both the halite layers and Eurypterus remipes fossils can now be used to identify a specific geologic time interval because both formed over a

If it takes a P-wave five minutes to travel from the epicenter of an earthquake to a seismic station, approximately how long will it take an S-wave to travel that same distance?

Earthquake S-waves do not pass through which two interior Earth layers?

The cross section below represents the bedrock structure of a section of Earth’s crust. Letters A through H represent rock units. Line XY represents a fault. The rock layers have not been overturned.

When did faulting along line XY occur?

The cross section below represents rock units within Earth’s crust.

The age of the granite that makes up the inclusions is most likely

A portion of the Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State map below shows the location of the Catskill Aqueduct that flows into the Kensico Reservoir, which supplies the residents of New York City with drinkable water.

Which sequence shows the order of landscape regions that are crossed as water flows through the Catskill Aqueduct?

The map below shows the land area in New York State drained by the Oswego River and its tributaries.

The land area drained by the Oswego River and its tributaries is called a

The photograph below shows a portion of the Genesee River in western New York. Letters A, B, C, and D are locations in the river.

At which location would deposition of sediments most likely be greater than erosion?

The rate of soil development in tropical areas is usually greater than the rate of soil development in arctic areas because tropical areas have

New York State’s Finger Lakes exist today because

Which igneous rock could physically weather to beach sand that contains the minerals pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and olivine?

Which two physical properties of graphite make it a good mineral for use in pencils?

Which mineral is produced when two atoms of iron chemically combine with three atoms of oxygen?

Compared to the time of sunrise in Kingston, the time of sunrise in Jamestown would be approximately

An observer in Watertown, New York, would see the star Polaris at an altitude of approximately

Earth’s system of longitude is based on which motion?

Patagonia Marble Caves

The Patagonia Marble Caves of South America are found on the shores of General Carrera Lake at a location of 46.5° S 72° W. Most of the water in the lake comes from the melting of nearby glaciers. Many small particles carried by the glacier remain suspended in the meltwater that fills this lake, causing a distinct blue color. Over the last 6200 years, the water of the lake has been weathering and eroding the marble bedrock found along the shores and within the lake itself. The marble dissolved faster at the water surface, where the moving water is interacting with the marble bedrock, producing countless caves, mazes, columns, and tunnels in the marble.

Which lettered point on the map best represents the location of the Patagonia Marble Caves?

Which two processes formed the marble bedrock shown in the photograph?

Most marble is composed primarily of

The barometric pressure was recorded on the digital device in millibars. What is the equivalent air pressure in inches of mercury (Hg)?

Based on the outside air temperature and relative humidity shown on the digital device, what is the approximate dewpoint for the time shown on the device?

Which correctly matches the instrument with the correct variable measured

The apparent shift in the direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum and the curving of winds by the Coriolis effect are both evidence of Earth’s

In diagram A, the apparent shift of the path of the pendulum is shown at two-hour intervals for the first eight hours of pendulum motion. During the eight hours, the pendulum’s path was displaced 60 degrees from where it started. How many degrees did the apparent path of the pendulum change each hour (h)?

In diagram B, what are the names of the planetary wind belts formed by the deflected winds shown in the Northern and Southern hemispheres?

What type of plate boundary is shown in this diagram?

Compared to the crust of the North American Plate, the crust of the Juan de Fuca Plate is

The boundary between the asthenosphere and the stiffer mantle is located below the Earth’s surface at a depth of approximately