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WorksheetsResearch Methods psych - sem 2
Total questions: 78
Worksheet time: 48mins
What is the most common sampling in case study?
Snowball sampling
Comprehensive sampling
Purposeful sampling
Maximum variation sampling
Under this method (Case Study) The approach happens to be (…) and not (…). Every possible effort is made to collect information concerning all aspects of life.
quantitative - qualitative
qualitative - quantitative
primary data - sencondary data
sencondary data - primary data
A case study is a valid ______ of singular entities.
Entity
Approach
Research Method
Study
In case studies, which of the following are the appropriate subjects that can be studied?
A School
A Single patient/subject
A City
A Country
An Organisation
Case Studies can be used for....
Situations
Incidents
Experiences
A group of people
What is the defining aspect of a case study?
Increased Generalisation
Increased depth
Increased breath
Increased quality
In Case Study research, we primarly carry out the research in great depth, in order to generalise and understand other significant cases.
Bull. Crap.
Yes, this makes perfect sense, by decree of me, I proclaim that this right here, is the truth.
In instrumental case studies, some cases would do a better job than others.
What would a not so ''typical'' case, help researchers with?
Illustrating matters we may overlook in typical cases
Illustrating the variety of observations possible from a particular case
Eliminating the researchers pre concieved biases
Eliminating the need to generalise once the study is complete
In instrumental case studies, some cases would do a better job than others.
What would a not so ''typical'' case, help researchers with?
Illustrating matters we may overlook in typical cases
Illustrating the variety of observations possible from a particular case
Eliminating the researchers pre concieved biases
Eliminating the need to generalise once the study is complete
A young man with severe epilepsy had his corpus callosum severed, making it so that the right and left hemispheres of his brain were no longer able to communicate with each other. In order to better understand his capabilities, and in-depth study was conducted to evaluate what tasks he was able to still engage in as well as those he had difficulty with. Additionally, his friends and family members were also asked about any personality changes or other changes that may also be relevant to better understand how he may have changes following the surgery.
Quasi Experiment
Case Study
Survey
correlational research
True Experiment
Mary is an older women who was approximately 64 years old and working as a nurse prior to her automobile accident/.she was having a minor memory issues which was normal for women her age following the server automobile accident she suffered some brain hemorrhaging that was undiagnosed. as a result of the accident and the undiagnosed hemorrhaging her memory issues and subsequent dementia became progressively more sever this study evaluated Mary every 6 months for the next 10 years to document her progression
Quasi Experiment
Case Study
Survey
correlational research
True Experiment
A case study takes a/n ________ perspective.
Idiographic
Generalised
Natural
Experimental
Philonoist
In which approach/method is an attention to contextual data, important?
Case study
Focus Groups
Interviews
Surveys
In a case study, one must use (A) _______.
This is called (B) ________.
(A) A single meticulously chosen data collection and analysis technique
(B) Single Qualitative Method
(A) The investigation of occurrences over a period of time.
(B) Triangulation
(B) Temporal elementism
Features of case studies include
A temporal element
A concern with theory
Pre-session questions
Narrative
Community organisation
When are case studies the prefered method?
When 'how' and 'why' questions are being asked
When the investigator has little control over events
When the investigator has control over the environment
When the focus is on a contemporary phenomenon within a real life context.
When 'what' and 'who' questions are being asked
Mark all the correct statements regarding Case Studies
Case studies are biased
It is difficult, but possible, to generalise on the basis of single cases
It is impossible to generalize after conducting a single case study
Case studies tell us nothing about causality
There is a tendency for people to stop the case study midway through research
Mark all the incorrect statements regarding Case Studies
There are 4 types of case studies
Case studies are merely descriptive
Case studies evidence is not relavant for policy making
Case studies are usually easily summarised
Case studies are ethically problematic
What are the 3 types of case studies?
Single instrumental case study
Collective/Multiple case study
Intrinsic case study
Single Intrinsic case study
Instrumental/Pragmatic case study
A researcher is concerned with how a kindergarten teacher deals with her tourettes syndrome. She sets up multiple interviews with her.
What type of case study is this?
Single/Instrumental case study
Collective/Multiple case study
Intrinsic case study
Idiosyncratic case study
A researcher is concerned with the daily functioning of employed people with Capgras syndrome.
He chooses 3 cases and interviews them, their close ones and their medical professionals.
He then compares cases to each other.
What type of case study is this?
Single/Instrumental case study
Collective/Multiple case study
Intrinsic case study
Idiosyncratic case study
A researcher is interested with the life of Noel, who has bright green skin.
What type of case study is this?
Single/Instrumental case study
Collective/Multiple case study
Intrinsic case study
Idiosyncratic case study
Select the proper types of methods of data collection used in case studies
Semi-structured interviews
Diaries
Minutes of important meetings
Research questions
Newspaper articles
What are some ways of analysing data of a case study?
Thematic analysis
Interpretative phenomenological anaylsis
Grounded theory
Descriptive Analysis
Inferential Analysis
There is a bad case of bullying going on at a school in Hamrun so parents called the bBrave foundation, who came and held a lesson regarding bullying for the children there.
This is
Community Organisation Involvement
Coorporite Involvement
An External Aid Method
NGO Organised Intervention
Sarah is very frustrated with the amount of hours she had to work last year due to her company being severely understaffed.
She decides to go on a strike.
She spends the week gathering her co-workers and gave them all a date to meet outside and protest.
What is the term used for Sarahs actions?
Insubordination
Millennialism
Community organising
Legitimate Power
Qualitative Gathering
Are photos considered to be a good source of information?
Yes
No
Regarding photos in qualitative research, which of the following is NOT true?
Clinical psychologists assembled photographic arrays in which purported mental differences could be made legible to the ‘trained eye’
Darwin made comparisons across photographs and illustrations of children and animals as the evidential base for one of his theories
Qualitative researchers have given serious thought to using images with words to enhance understanding of the human condition.
Behaviourists are currently researching the positive properties of ''catching a moment of success'' by way of photography in CBT
What research is considered the foundation of photovoice?
Research with rural women in China
Research with Olympic athletes who attained a gold medal
Research with University professors 1 year after retirement
Research with post public figures
“a pedagogy which must be forged ________the oppressed... in the incessant struggle to regain their humanity''
with not for
for not with
without
against
What is a risk of community engagement?
Risk of reproducing dominant worldviews and interests
Risk of delinquent acts tarnishing the activism
Risk of an authocratic governments negative reactions
Risk of violent intergroup conflict
Risk of police involvement/brutallity
Photovoice has 3 main goals
to enable people to record and reflect their community's strengths and concerns
to promote critical dialogue and knowlegde about important issues through large and small group discussion of photography
to reach policy makers
to provide another medium of informationfor the section of the population are illiterate
to produce a history of census of a population
Main stages of photovoice (training)
1. Instuctions and Cameras
1. Comminity Search
2. Take photos, develop, discuss
3. Develop into social action
3. Public Reveal
9-step strategy (Wang,2006)
1.Select and recruit a target audience of policy makers or community leaders.
2) Recruit photovoice participants. Select 7-10 participants using an appropriate sampling strategy
3.Introduce the photovoice methodology to participants, and facilitate a group discussion about cameras, power, and ethics.
4. ___________________
5. Pose initial theme/s for taking pictures.
6. Distribute cameras to participants and review how to use the camera.
7. Provide time for participants to take pictures.
8. Meet to discuss photographs and identify themes
9. ________________________________
9) A. Select
B. Story telling/narratives/meaning ''Showed''
C. Codification
4) Obtain informed consent
9) Plan with participants a format to share photographs and stories
with policy makers or community leaders.
9) Develop into social action.
4) Assign group research roles to participants
9-step strategy (Wang,2006)
1.Select and recruit a target audience of policy makers or community leaders.
2) Recruit photovoice participants. Select 7-10 participants using an appropriate sampling strategy
3.Introduce the photovoice methodology to participants, and facilitate a group discussion about cameras, power, and ethics.
4. Obtain informed consent
5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________
7. Provide time for participants to take pictures.
8. Meet to discuss photographs and identify themes
9. Plan with participants a format to share photographs and stories
with policy makers or community leaders.
5) Prepare and file legally binded contracts
5) Pose initial theme/s for taking pictures.
6) Distribute cameras to participants and review how to use the camera.
6) Present an informed ethical presentation to the group
5) Tactfully perform a check to recognise if anyone has visual problems
9-step strategy (Wang,2006)
1.Select and recruit a target audience of policy makers or community leaders.
2) Recruit photovoice participants. Select 7-10 participants using an appropriate sampling strategy
3.Introduce the photovoice methodology to participants, and facilitate a group discussion about cameras, power, and ethics.
4. Obtain informed consent
5) Pose initial theme/s for taking pictures
6) Distribute cameras to participants and review how to use the camera.
7. _________________________________
8. ___________________________________
9. Plan with participants a format to share photographs and stories
with policy makers or community leaders.
8) Have a social gathering of all the participants, in an effort to create group cohesion for the upcoming discussions
7) Provide time for participants to take pictures.
8) Meet to discuss photographs and identify themes
7) Meet participants daily and fill in progress reports
8) Collect photographs and organise themes in order to present them to the participants
A researcher is interested in women's health and well-being within a particular community as he suspects inferior treatment and less opportunity vis-a-vis men.
What is the best research method for this situation?
Case Study
Photovoice
True Experiment
Quais Experiment
Focus Groups
The photovoice study of ''Our lives: Men who have Sex with Men (2007)'' had which of the following characteristics/results?
Aim was to increase awareness of HIV among the African American community.
Used a participatory action approach
Seven non-gay identified African American men who have sex with men participated in the photovoice study.
It developed multiple themes from examining the photos
A heterogenous sample was found using the Snowball sampling method
What are some strengths of photovoice?
Increases verisimilitude
Reduces subjectivity of interpretation
Bridges the worlds of community and policy makers
Everything that can be described in literature can be photographable
It is time efficient
What are the limitations of photovoice?
Not everything is photographable
Time consuming
Ethical sensitivity required
Increases subjectivity of interpretation
Decreases verismillitude
What are some variations of photovoice?
Drawings
Researcher-generated photographs
Pre-existing images
Video
Voice recordings
The focus group as a social science
method was developed by _______ colleagues in the 1940s
Lewin
Skinner
Bandura
Trutkowski
Holzl
Until the 1990s focus groups only featured in _______ and ________.
Health research
Social Psychology
Political research
Market research
What study would be the best study if you are researching for the following purposess?
Discovering new information (e.g. about a new product) and consolidating old knowledge
Gaining information on participants’ views, attitudes, beliefs, responses, motivations and perceptions on a topic
- Examining participants’ shared understandings of every day life and the every day use of language and culture of particular groups
- Generating Ideas
- Exploring controversial issues and complex or sensitive topics.
Case Study
Photovoice
Focus Group
Survey
Questionaire
Focus Groups are now used extensively across the social sciences to explore topics such as relating to:
Atitudes
Perceptions
Behaviours
Idiosyncratics
5 factor theory
A focus group study is the ____________
Thinking society in miniature
Study of the behaviour of a bounded group
Public persona displayed
Study of the interpersonal reactions and feedback
In Focus groups, mark the one that does NOT relate.
Relatively unstructured
Quantitative
Facilitator is usually the researcher
Can be used as primary and supplementary sources of data
Can be used in a multi-method study
If I have a focus group consisting of boys and girls ages 13-14 years old, what kind focus group is this?
Geneous
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Census
Click all the qualitative studies
Focus Groups
True Experiments
Surveys
Case studies
Photovoice
Mark some limitations of Focus Groups.
It is difficult to generalise results to larger populations
If the facilitators skills are lacking, it will cause major problems
Can be time consuming
Could be expensive
Is usually heavily biased
In a focus group, the following is a couple things not to keep in mind.
Locating an operational recording device
Booking a room accessible for your participants
Focus groups usually raise the most ethical concerns
The composition would need to resemble your target population
If the researcher lacks in charismatic public speaking skills, then a spokesperson must be found
What is the ideal size of a focus group?
10
8
7
6
9
Before the focus group begins, what are 4 things you need to check?
Pre-session questions
Recrding equipment
Low turnout
Starting the session on time
Pre-session one on one's with the researcher
What kind of data analysis do we use in photovoice?
Phenomenal Molecule
Interpretive Phenomenological Approach
Grounded theory
Thematic analysis
What are 3 biases primarily found in a focus group?
Facilitator Bias
Question Bias
Social Desirability Bias
Self-Centered Bias
Confirmation Bias
When researching, so long as biases are accounted for, we may proceed with the research.
NaS
yas
Mark everything that ethics is concerned with.
doing good and avoiding harm
the morality of human conduct
the moral deliberation, choice and accountability on the part of researchers
civil and human rights
the cultures affect on the person
Should you be ethical when conducting a research?
no
yes
Which of the following studies are unethical?
The Monster Study
The Stanford Prison Experiment
The Milgram Study
The Asch Conformity Study
The Halo Effect Experiment
Ethical questions in the research relationship: __________ __________ and _________ processes have all become more significant as the landscape of qualitative research continues to change and researchers face new issues when using new tools to produce knowledge
the use of data
interpretative processes
analytical processes
Transcription processes
The sampling method
What does FREC stand for?
Faculty Research Ethics Committee
Foundation of Research Ethics
Family Restricted Ethics
Formation of Ethics Council
What does UREC stand for?
University Research Ethics Committee
University Research Ethics Council
Universal Research Ethics Committee
Universal Research Ethics Council
The University ensures that before human subjects are involved in research, proper consideration will be given to:
- the data protection provisions; and
the additional safeguards for vulnerable subjects
- the informed consent process to be employed;
- the importance of knowledge that may reasonably be expected to result;
-the anticipated benefits to the subjects and others;
-the risks to the subjects;
What are some ethical aspects that a researcher must take into considertion?
Voluntary participation
Permission
Confidentiality
Anonymity
Proper conduct between participants
A researcher examines the norms, rules, and values of the staff of a large long-term care facility. Which type of research does this represent?
Grounded Theory
Phenomenological Research
Ethnography
Narrative
Case Study Research
Which study has it's origins in anthropology?
Ethnography
IPA
Narrative
Grounded Theory
Themetic Analysis
What are some themes that ethnography may include?
Enculturation
Socialisation
Learning, cognition or child and adult development
Domination/Inequality
Coping Methods
A researcher conducts a study in which participants are asked to describe the lived experience of being a caregiver of a parent with Alzheimer's disease. Which type of qualitative study does this represent?
Grounded Theory
Phenomenological Research
Ethnography
Narrative
Case Study Research
A phenomenological research describes _______________.
What all participants have in common in their lived experience
An in-depth view into one subjects lived experience
A shallow overview of multiple participants
The cause a particular desease has on a specific culture group
What data collection methods are used for phenomenological research?
Long term observations
In-depth Interviews
Multiple interviews
Surveys
Photography
What data collection methods are used for ethnography research?
Long term observations
In-Depth 1 on 1 interviews
Interviews
Surveys
Photography
A researcher explores the phenomenon of how nurses make decisions about when to discuss end-of-life issues with clients. From this research, a model is developed to explain the decision-making process. Which type of research does this represent?
Grounded Theory
Phenomenological Research
Ethnography
Narrative
Case Study Research
A theory may be needed to explain how people are experiencing a phenomena, what research will you use?
Grounded Theory
Phenomenological Research
Ethnography
Narrative
Case Study Research
What data collection methods are used for Grounded Theory research?
Participant observations
Surveys
Multiple Interviews
Focus Groups
In-depth interviews with 1 subject
Generalization can _____ a study.
Shorten
Strengthen
Lengthen
Weaken
Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study is known as
Traingulation.
Systematic analysis.
Prospective design.
Transferability.
A researcher is interested in the life of a man who suffers from Achromatopsia (complete colour blindness). He asks for his journals and becomes a companion of his for a while, observing and listening to stories of the mans life and also watching a short documentary feature done about him a few years prior.
After a few months, the researcher analyses the participants sotries and restories/ restructures them into a framework that made sense.
What type of study is this?
Interpretive Phenomenological
Grounded Theory
Narrative
Ethnography
Ethical questions in the research relationship: __________ __________ and _________ processes have all become more significant as the landscape of qualitative research continues to change and researchers face new issues when using new tools to produce knowledge
the use of data
interpretative processes
analytical processes
Transcription processes
The sampling method
