Viruses and Streptococcus pyogenes are common causes of inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx. Severe infections can lead to suppuration and abscess this is called .....

A rare but serious complication of Upper respiratory infections can be laryngotracheobronchitis. The airway is obstructed by swelling around the larynx and epiglottis, wheeze and breathlessness (dyspnoea). This is commonly called

Hayfever (allergic rhinitis) is an atopic (immediate) hypersensitivity to foreign proteins (antigens). Examples could be....

Influenza is caused by a virus and causes far more serious symptoms than the common cold. Patients will have a very high temperature, muscle pain and recovery can take weeks. When is this disease most dangerous?

A secondary bacterial infection of the bronchi, preceded by a common cold, influenza or as a complication of measles or whooping cough in children

Defined when a patient has had a cough with sputum for 3 months in 2 successive years. A progressive inflammatory disease resulting from prolonged irritation of the bronchi often caused by smoking or following exposure to airborne irritants like urban fog, exhaust fumes or atmospheric pollutants

Reduction in pO₂ levels in arterial blood

Breathlessness.

Two main kinds of emphysema

Presence of air in the thoracic interstitial tissue caused either by injury to the outside (stab wound, fractured rib) or from the inside (asthma attack, coughing in whooping cough etc).

An asthmatic airway is shown here....

Type of asthma occurring in children or young adults caused by hypersensitivity to foreign proteins. Often close family members with a history of allergy, infantile eczema or food allergies.

Type of asthma occurring later in life, no history of childhood allergies. Can be linked to chronic URTI, exercise or occupational exposure (eg inhaled paint fumes) or even aspirin. Attacks tend to increase in severity.

A permanent abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles associated with bacterial infection, cystic fibrosis (CF) or bronchial tumour. Persistent severe coughing and fibrosis of the lungs can lead to hypoxia, pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure.

One of the most common hereditary diseases affecting 1 in 2500 babies, with almost 5% of the population carrying the recessive gene. The secretions of the exocrine glands are abnormally thick and the lungs, pancreas, intestine, biliary tract and male reproductive system can be affected.

Common consequences of cystic fibrosis in older children often include:

Restrictive lung disorders make it harder to inflate the lungs and increase the work needed to breathe. They are characterized by increased stiffness of lower lung tissue and often caused by prolonged exposure to dust particles of different kinds. Which of these are examples?

Pulmonary lung disease can be triggered by a range of toxins and drugs. Examples:

Pneumonia is infection of the alveoli, occurring when pulmonary defence mechanisms fail to prevent microbes colonizing the lungs. Predisposing factors include:

Lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia evident in the right hand lung in the picture?

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem worldwide. The bacteria are spread by inhalation of aerosol droplets or in dust contamination by infectious sputum. Symptoms of primary (initial infection) TB include:

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem worldwide. Symptoms of secondary TB (reactivation of the disease from latent bacteria surviving initial infection, sometimes decades later) include:

Primary Tuberculosis (TB) rarely affects tissues other than the lungs, but in secondary TB, non-pulmonary involvement is common (and often fatal if not treated) Examples include:

Bronchial carcinoma is a very common malignancy, upto 90% of cases are caused by

Where is the most common site for the development of primary bronchial carcinoma?

Main causes of lung collapse (atelectasis) include:

Premature babies (pre 34 week gestation) may need to be mechanically ventilated. Why?

With a Pressure collapse of a lung (where air or fluid enters the pleural cavity), the normally negative pressure becomes positive, preventing lung expansion. Collections of air are normally found in....

Types of pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity) do NOT include:

Haemothorax is when blood enters the pleural cavity. This may be as a result of:

Pleural effusion is :

Pleural effusion can be caused by all of these EXCEPT:

The epiglottis is composed of:

Mesothelioma is associated with exposure to :

Rhinorrhoea is:

The trachea is lined with

The structure or substance directly applied to the outer lung surface is:

During quiet inspiration, the muscles that contract at the same time as the diaphragm are:

Tidal volume at rest is usually about :

Average respiratory rate at rest

Number of pairs of ribs

Average number of cartilage rings in the trachea

Number of cartilages forming the larynx

What is the function of columnar ciliated epithelium

What is the function of squamous epithelium

What is the function of septal cells

What is the function of alveolar macrophages

What is the function of cartilage

What is the function of smooth muscle

What is the function of skeletal muscle