made up of atoms in which some or all of the electrons have been stripped away and positively charged nuclei, called ions, roam freely.

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is a pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea

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Treatment of GI infections caused by Salmonella & Shigella sp., & E. coli

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Its antibiotic activity resembles that of neomycin & streptomycin

Molecules are packed close together in a random fashion, free to move.

Molecules held in fixed pattern but vibrating

1st aminoglycoside

Used in abdominal surgery to reduce or avoid complications caused by infections from bacterial flora of

the bowel

Molecules are widely separated, they move at great speeds.

Treatment of burns complicated by pseudomonemia; Used for GUT infections & hospital acquired

infections

Antibacterial potency & effectiveness against aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes resemble those of

gentamicin

Less ototoxic than either kanamycin or gentamicin

Bacteriostatic action; inferior to other aminoglycosides for most systemic infections

Activity against most strains of P. aeruginosa exceeds that of gentamicin

Semisynthetic derivative prepared from oxytetracycline

First to be used in chemotherapy

Most popular antibiotic of its group because its plasma conc. appears to be higher & more enduring

Made by condensing tetracycline w/ pyrrolidine & formaldehyde in the presence of tert-butyl alcohol

It has activity against unusual pathogens like Borrelia burgdorferi and Mycobacterium avium complex.

From mutant strain of S. aureofaciens

Does not accumulate in patients w/ impaired renal function. Thus, preferred for uremic patients w/infections outside the urinary tract

Achieved rapid acceptance as a well-

tolerated antibiotic of value for tx of various

upper respiratory and soft-tissue infections caused by G+ bacteria.

Isolated from Streptomyces erythraeus

It inhibits cytochrome P450 oxidases.

Prototype of azalides, the nitrogen-containing 15-membered ring of macrolides.

Its structure contains 2 sugars (desosamine amd L-oleandrose) and a 14-member lactone ring designated

an oleandolide

t is recommended as an alternative to erythromycin for tx of bacterial infections of the upper and lower

respiratory tracts and for bacterial infections of soft tissues and the skin.

Mixture of 5 closely related glycopeptide antibiotics produced by actinomycete Actinoplanes

teichomyceticus

It is intended for parenteral (IV or IM) administration for the tx of serious infections and instances when

oral administration is not feasible.

It is used for the tx of infections caused by G+ organisms notably staphylococci, beta hemolytic

streptococci, and pneumococci.

It is for the tx of a wide variety of upper respiratory, skin, and tissue infections caused by susceptible

bacteria.

Limited clinical use due to renal toxicity, mostly lack systemic activity

Glycopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces orientalis

Widely used as topical antibiotic; quite effective in several systemic & local infections when administered

parenterally

From Bacillus subtilis

Always administered IV ( never IM), either by slow injection or by continuous infusion for treatment of systemic infections

From Streptomyces venezuelae

From Bacillus polymyxa

Obtained from tyrothricin, a mixture of polypeptides obtained by extraction of cultures of Bacillus brevis

Isolated from Aerobacillus colistinus

Treatment of complicated skin & skin structure infections; complicated intra-abdominal infections

Derived from pristinamycins produced in fermentations of Streptomyces pristinaspiralis

MOA: bacteriostatic; inhibit bacterial protein & nucleic acid synthesis

From Pseudomonas fluorescens

Active against gram (+) organisms (MRSA, penicillin-resistant pneumococci, VRE -E. faecalis & E. faecium)

Broad-spectrum, bactericidal w/c inhibits growth of E. coli, S. aureus, & Serratia, Klebsiella, Citrobacter,

Enterococcus & Enterobacter sp. at a conc. less than 64 mg/L)

A glycylcycline; IV antibiotic

Isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum

Synthetic 1-β-methyl carbapenem, structurally related to β-lactam antibiotics particularly thienamycin

group

Classified as a ketolide, differs from macrolide by the lack of α-L-clabinose at 3-position of the

erythronolide A ring, resulting in a 3-keto function

a semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin A