For early infections penicillin is quite effective

For more developed infections with many anaerobic organisms ............................. is more effective

......................... is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms

Antiinfectives include the following:

Bactericidal - the ability to kill bacteria. This process is

Bacteriostatic - the ability to inhibit or slow the multiplication or growth of bacteria. This process is

An ................... in the use of an antibiotic increases the proportion of resistant organisms in that population

A ........................... in the use of an antibiotic decreases the proportion of organisms resistant to that antibiotic in that given population

range of activity of a drug

sometimes the combination of two antibiotics produces more of an effect than would be expected if their individual effects were added (1+1=3)

refers to infection caused by the proliferation of microorganisms different from those causing the original infection

Antagonism - when a combination of a bactericidal agent and a bacteriostatic agent is used, the effect is less than either medication alone (1+1< 2)

What reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics

Is tetracycline safe for kids?

Pseudomembranous colitis, also called antibiotic-associated colitis or C. difficile colitis, is inflammation of the colon associated with an overgrowth of the bacterium Chloridoids

All antiinfective drugs can cause a variety of GI problems including: stomach pain, increased motility, diarrhea.

....................................... has the highest incidence of GI complaints of all

secondary infection caused by an opportunistic infection

What is the most common antibiotic that people are allergic to.

Pregnancy

Certain drug preparations have not been associated with teratogenic effects:

In dentistry, we usually prescribe penicillins from groups 1 and 3

Indications for Antimicrobial Agents

Antibiotics are used to prevent bacteremia and colonization of the heart by microorganisms

Indications for Antimicrobial Agents

Help current infection

What is a complication with Indications for Antimicrobial Agents

Antibiotics with the best spectrum for penicillinase-resistant bugs are .................. and

........................

Penicillin Uses in Dentistry

Lack of toxicity

Desirable spectrum of action

Bactericidal potency

Agent of choice for antibiotic prophylaxis

Amoxicillin is preferred because

Both of these meds are bacteriostatic

Limited to use for anaerobic organisms such as “Bacteroides” when patient is allergic to Penicillin

This drug causes a severe reaction in patients who drink alcohol. It is caused by an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood. Also called a disulfiram (antabuse) reaction.

This anti-infective is a synthetic nitroimidazole ´ It is trichomonacidal, amoebicidal and has exceptional action against most obligate anaerobes (Bacteroides) ´ Bactericidal

Which antibiotics will interact with coumadin/warfarin

Metronidazole Uses

Dental use: prophylaxis for patients with “at-risk” joints

It is taken orally to eradicate organisms that cause pseudomembranous colitis

Patients taking these medications need to be told to drink plenty of water because these drugs can precipitate in the kidney ( renal crystallization)

4 drugs are administered concurrently in all active cases of TB

Potentiates the effects of anticoagulants and may leave a ................. ............... in the mouth

Diabetics need to be aware of sucrose content of Nystatin

Candida albicans - treated with

Antifungal Agents: Nystatin

Mechanism of action

Binds to sterols in the fungal cell membrane • Increases membrane permeability (allows leakage of potassium) • Bacteria do not contain sterols in their cell membranes and are therefore not affected by the antifungal medications

Antifungal Agents: Nystatin

Contains ...........% sucrose

Antifungal Agents: Nystatin

Advantage is the slow release of the antifungal agent

Disadvantage is that it contains sucrose which makes it a bad choice for xerostomia and/or caries-prone patients

Nystatin products are often used for

........................................ can increase blood levels of cyclosporine, warfarin corticosteroids, phenytoin, digoxin, lovastatin and simvastatin

........................... is a synthetic antifungal

Higher doses can inhibit secretion of corticosteroids and lowers testosterone levels in men

Useful against herpes simplex

Initial herpes genitalis

Not effective for recurrent herpes genitalis or labialis

Shown to reduce duration and pain of the lesions on the lips and face associated with both primary and recurrent herpes simplex

Acyclovir has not been shown to effectively treat herpes labialis in topical, tablet, or capsule forms

Indicated for the treatment of recurrent genital herpes

what medication has no effect on cells already containing HIV

prevents the maturation of HIV-infected cells

Synthesis of viral DNA is terminated, therefore viral replication is terminated

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NNRTIs] .......................................... is specific for HIV-1

3 classes of Antiviral Agents: AIDS

Antiviral Agents: AIDS

Most common uses of interferon are for Hepatitis C and Multiple Sclerosis

Treats HIV and Hep B viral infections

Erythromycin Drug Interactions

Which antibiotic affects patients taking Lithium

Adrenergic agents are

Adrenergic agents used in medicine/dentistry

Side effects

Increase a blood pressure, increase heart rate, increase heart contractility, bronchodilation, Xerostomia, digestion on hold and mydriasis

Beta receptors

Beta 1

Beta receptors

Beta 2

Betta blockers are in anti-adrenergic category and slow the heart rate and BP

Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and dystonic blood pressure

What are the major Nero transmitters used in the SANS

The advantage of select beta blockers are

SLUD

Fight or flight response effects on the eyes, bronchi, heart and glands

Contraindications

DO NOT use with asthma, ulcers and cardiac disease

Cholinergic Agents PANS

Effect the eyes by………….a……….. and the mouth by ………..b……….

Cholinergic agent that increases salvia flow

PANS

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that acts as a Cholinergic receptors that creates REST & DIGEST

Pilocarpine is used by eye doctors to treat glaucoma

What drug classification is Atropine and Propantheline

Atropine and Propantheline are used in dentistry for

Gastric motility

Decreased movement urinary stasis

Gastric motility

Increases mentality improves urinary flow