Font size
WorksheetsImmune System AP Biology
Total questions: 80
Worksheet time: 58mins
Saliva, tears, and sweat contain which enzyme?
lysozyme
protein kinase
hydrochloric acid
lactase
Histamines directly cause:
Helper T cells to mark pathogens for destruction
Cytotoxic T cells to become activated
B and T cells to create memory cells
Blood vessels to dilate and leak fluid and WBC's
Interferon is a chemical messenger sent from a virus infected cell. What is its function?
Causes neighboring cells to make proteins to block viral reproduction
Calls white blood cells over to take care of the infection
Causes neighboring cells to build up thicker cell membranes so the viruses can't enter
Which of the following are considered "Professional Antigen Presenting Cells"?
B Cells
Macrophage
Dendritic Cells
T Cells
Which of the following cells have MHC Class II proteins on their surface?
All nucleated cells
Only APC's (Antigen Presenting Cells)
Means: "programmed cell death"
Natural Killer Cell
Mitosis
Apoptosis
CD4 and CD8
Natural Killer (NK) Cells target:
Cancerous cells
Virus invaded cells
A specific antigen marker on some type of pathogen
Natural Killer cells cause which of the following?
Release of cytokines which alert other immune cells
Punch holes in a cell infected with viruses
Release an enzyme into an infected cell which switches on apoptosis
Cytotoxic T cells to shoot everything in site with perforin
Helper T Cells have a special protein on their surface called:
CD4
CD8
CD8 proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
B Cells
Macrophages
Cytotoxic T Cells
Natural Killer Cells
A B cell that is actively making antibodies is called a(n)
memory B cell
plasma cell
Helper T cell
Naive B cell
Helper T Cells activate which of the following?
Cytotoxic T Cells
B Cells
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells scan the _______ protein + antigen on regular body cells.
MHC - Class 1
MHC - Class 2
What happens directly after a Helper T cell bumps into an antigen that matches it's surface receptor?
It divides and differentiates like crazy
The cell turns into a memory T cell
It shoots enzymes out to kill the pathogen
It creates antibodies
If a person has already had chicken pox, why do they generally not get sick a second time?
Memory B and T cells activate the immune system before the virus has a chance to make you sick
Natural killer cells recognize the pathogen quicker
Your 1st line of defense does a better job
Which of the following is part of the humoral response?
antibodies
Cytotoxic T cells
Natural Killer Cells
Lysozyme
T cells mature in the ___________
Thymus gland
Tibia Bone
Tongue
Tonsils
Which of the following does NOT describe macrophages?
Phagocytize pathogens
Use digestive enzymes to degrade pathogens
Present chewed up bits of pathogens on their cell surface
Search for a specific antigen to engulf
After an infection is effectively been dealt with, what happens?
Suppressor T cells help stop the immune response
More antibodies are made so that memory cells can keep record
Cytotoxic T cells shed their CD8 proteins
Which of the following is NOT part of the 3rd line of defense?
B cells
T Cells
Antibodies
Macrophages
Which of the following acts as a messenger between the innate and adaptive immune system?
Macrophage
Cytotoxic T cell
Plasma Cell
Memory B Cell
What are B cells?
Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.
A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
What is an antibody
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.
Chemical released by the immune system that must communicate with the brain.
A protein produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body
A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
Which of the following is a non-specific immune response?
Helper T cells
Killer Lymphocytes
Skin
Histamine release
B cells
Macrophages are large white blood cells that can engulf foreign substances containing antigens. Both macrophages and lymphocytes, such as T cells, appear together at the site of infection. Which statement best explains how macrophages initiate an immune response when a new antigen is first encountered?
Macrophages incorporate the antigen into their genetic material and produce a large number of identical macrophages that are programmed to destroy that specific antigen
Macrophages present the antigen directly to a memory B cell that produces antibodies programmed to destroy that specific antigen.
Macrophages present the antigen to helper T cells, which activate B cells to produce plasma cells, and the plasma cells release antibodies that identify and help destroy that specific antigen
Macrophages present fragments of the antigen to other macrophages, which are able to seek out and destroy the antigen by releasing helper T cells that engulf that specific antigen
An allergy is caused when a person’s immune system overreacts to a normally harmless substance, such as plant pollen, dust, or pet dander. Substances that trigger an allergic reaction are called allergens. An allergic reaction is triggered when the immune system recognizes an allergen as foreign and tries to destroy it by releasing histamines, much like it would if it encountered a harmful virus or bacteria. Histamines cause localized swelling, and result in allergy symptoms such as itchy eyes, a runny nose, and sneezing. Which statement best explains how an allergen causes an allergic reaction?
The initial exposure to the allergen causes a negative feedback mechanism in the immune system to become overactive and leads to the release of histamines that destroy immune cells.
Prolonged exposure to the allergen interferes with a negative feedback loop in the immune system, which results in the immune system releasing histamines more aggressively with increased allergen exposure.
Repeated exposure to the allergen interferes with a positive feedback loop in the immune system, which results in the immune system reacting less aggressively with increased allergen exposure.
The initial exposure of the allergen causes a positive feedback mechanism in the immune system to become overactive and leads to the release of histamines in an attempt to destroy the allergen.
What is innate immunity?
Specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
Blood-clotting
Child-birth
Insulin Production
Menstruation
Which of the following describes a microorganism that can cause disease?
antibody
antigen
pathogen
macrophage
Which of the following is NOT the body's first line of defense?
skin
B cells and T cells
mucus
macrophage
Which of the following best the function of helper T cells?
produce antibodies to mark infected cells
initiates an inflammatory response
produces memory B cells to prepare for future invasion
activates cytotoxic T cells to attack pathogens
Compared to the primary immune response, the secondary immune response is
stronger
faster
more efficient
all of the above
The antigen receptor on B cells and T cells are highly variable despite the limited number of genes that encode these receptors. This can be best explained by
DNA mutations
integration of viral genes into human genome
gene shuffling during gamete production
alternative splicing
A group of RNA virus which uses a reverse transcriptase enzyme to insert viral gene into host genome is called
adenovirus
bacteriophage
retrovirus
rhinovirus
Some individuals are immune to HIV infection due to a mutation on CCR5 receptor proteins on T helper cells. This implies that
HIV cannot recognize and destroy T helper cells
T helper cells inactivate the reverse transcriptase.
T helper cells produces more antibodies to mark HIV-infected cells for destruction.
T cells will become inactivated due to mutation, resulting in reduced immune response.
In response to human's use of antibiotics, more and more bacteria are becoming resistant to many types of antibiotics. This is an example of
genetic drift
convergent evolution
adaptive radiation
coevolution
In response to an invasion of pathogen, plants set of a violent response to kill and isolate the infection. This form of nonspecific immune response is called
innate immunity
adaptive immunity
hypersensitive response
inflammation
What is the single most important event establishing a primary immune response?
The presentation of viral protein complex to class I MHC
The lyses of virally infected cells by cytotoxic T cells
The phagocytosis of microbes by antigen-presenting cells
The recognition of self versus foreign
Mast cells are leukocytes contained in tissues. They are filled with granules that contain histamine. These cells are involved in allergies, including hay fever, for which antihistamines are used as therapy. What mechanism is the cause of the allergic reaction?
When an allergen binds to specific receptors on a mast cell, it induces cellular degranulation and the release of histamine into the tissues.
Mast cells phagocytose allergens that induce cellular proliferation.
Mast cells rove through tissues removing both histamines and
antihistamines that may be causing the allergy.
Antihistamines are antibodies that bind to histamine to produce
a complex, which is then removed from the tissue by
mast cells.
Which of the following statements are TRUE about vaccinations?
Allow B cells to make antibodies for any type of antigen the body comes in contact with.
Triggers the body to make memory cells for specific pathogens.
They are substances prepared from killed or weakened pathogens.
Always allows the body to resist an infectious disease any time it comes into contact with it.
The healthy human immune system responds to pathogens with both specific and nonspecific processes. Which of the following models represents a nonspecific response?
A 3 month old baby contracts a virus called whooping cough (pertussis) after receiving the first of a sequence of 3 necessary DPT vaccines designed to prevent 3 diseases (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus). The vaccines are given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age to allow the body to develop specific immunity against these diseases. After the infant recovered from the disease, the doctor informed the parents that from now on the infant would only need the DT (diphtheria, tetanus) part of the vaccine. Why does the infant only need the DT vaccine?
The infant had the first of a series of vaccines which caused the disease
The infant had the pertussis disease and has already produced antibodies against the disease.
The infant had the first of a series of vaccines which protected him from getting the disease.
The infant had the pertussis disease and will get diphtheria in the future.
Many times people visit the doctor requesting antibiotics to treat colds and viral infections. How is the doctor justified in offering the patient treatment options that do not include antibiotics for these cases?
Colds and viruses should be first treated with viral therapies and then when the body begins to recover, antibiotics can be used. Otherwise, the use of antibiotics is not effective at all.
Side effects from antibiotics are severe when used for colds and viruses. Any use of antibiotics for colds and viruses will only make the patient more ill and ultimately make the patient's recovery time longer.
Antibiotics can weaken the immune system when used for colds and viruses, whereas other medications are not so hard on the immune system during these types of illnesses.
If a doctor provides an antibiotic to treat colds and viruses, any bacteria in the patient's body will be killed, but a few will survive. Those few survivors may become resistant to antibiotics needed for real bacterial illnesses.
An immune response that occurs in the human body is shown above. This activity helps to do which of the following?
Produce antibiotics to control disease
Provide protection against a specific pathogen
Provide protection against all types of pathogens
Eliminate harmful gene alterations
After an initial infection, B-cells recognize the measles virus. How is this helpful in human immune response?
The B-cells use this recognition to defend the body against other pathogens, such as bacteria.
The B-cells more quickly recognize and respond to any other virus that invades the body.
The B-cells produce antibodies more quickly if the measles virus is encountered again.
The B-cells transfer this recognition to T-cells, which will then devour the viruses.
What is the body's first line (non-specific) of defense against infection by foreign organisms?
antibodies
lymph nodes
white blood cells
the skin
White blood cells are an important part of the human immune response. Two types of white blood cells, neutrophils and macrophages, act as phagocytes. Phagocytes perform which of the following functions in the human body?
They produce antibodies.
They bind to antigens and develop into plasma cells
They form a barrier against pathogens.
They engulf and destroy bacteria
Although vaccines cannot be used to treat a person who is sick, they can help to prevent infections. Vaccinations tell the body to create "memory cells", which will function later to create antibodies against certain pathogens. When a person is vaccinated, what are they injected with?
antibodies to a disease bacterium
live, inactive viruses
weakened viruses or antigens from the virus
blood from a person who has had the disease
The innate immune system is...
Always working and doesn't require any special preparation
Needs to be "primed" before it can work to its full effectiveness
Very specific and only defends against a specific pathogen
Not very effective at preventing intruders
Which of the following is NOT acquired
production of antibodies
helper T cell making memory cells
cytotoxic T cell killing infected body cell
creation of histamine during a splinter infection
Which of the following is NOT true of autoimmune diseases
the immune system targets "self"
the immune system has been deactivated
the immune system has over active cytotoxic T cells
mutliple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease
Which cell does HIV attack?
macrophage
antibody
Helper T cell
B cell
Which of the following cells have MHC Class II proteins on their surface?
All nucleated cells
Only APC's (Antigen Presenting Cells)
A key part of the humoral immune response is
the attack of cytotoxic T cells on infected host cells.
the production of antibodies by plasma cells.
perforation of infected host cells by perforin.
the attack of phagocytes on living pathogens.
Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of
memory cells.
macrophages.
stem cells.
B cells.
