When do generally mild and non-specific symptoms occur?

When does the pathogen undergo rapid multiplication?

During which period is the immune and inflammatory response triggered?

During which period do symptoms start to decline as the pathogen is removed?

Which of the following are common general/non-specific symptoms?

Cytokines are an example of exogenous pyrogens.

Fever is a beneficial host response.

___ pathogens have devised mechanisms to bypass normal defenses and cause infection of healthy people.

Infection is usually dependent on adequate numbers, rather than compromise of the host's defenses.

Biofilms are associated with acute disease.

Virulence factors like adhesion molecules and toxins do not directly damage tissue.

Microbes may enter a ___ period within infected cells until reactivation occurs (ex. herpes).

Which type of bacteria contain an LPS coating on the outer membrane that acts as an endotoxin?

Which type of bacteria resembles fungi?

Which type of bacteria has branching, mycelium-like structures?

What type of bacteria is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

Which type of bacteria is very motile?

Which type of bacteria has flexible, spiral filaments?

What type of bacteria is Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi?

Which type of bacteria lacks a rigid cell wall and is small and simple?

Which type of bacteria is a strict intracellular parasite and can exist in one or more forms?

Which type of bacteria is a strict intracellular parasite and has very complex life cycles?

Which is the correct A and B?

Which of the following mostly comes from gram-positive (+) bacteria?

Which of the following mostly comes from gram-positive (+) bacteria?

Which of the following are unstable and can usually be destroyed at 60-80°C?

Which of the following have high toxicity?

Which of the following produce fever?

Which of the following are NOT easily neutralized by antitoxin?

Which of the following are released by BACTERIA that promote infection?

What are some methods a bacteria may use to protect against phagocytosis?

Which type of antigenic variation is a change in gene structure that results in variant expression of an antigen?

Which type of antigenic variation is an exchange of DNA fragments between cells, resulting in a new DNA sequence and variance of antigen expression?

Which type of antigenic variation is turning genes on and off, resulting in variation of antigen expression?

At certain antigen/antibody ratios, the complexes deposit into the kidneys, joints, and other target organs. This can initiate a type _ hypersensitivity reaction.

Which of the following are ways that fungi may grow?

___ fungi can grow as yeast or mycelium

Fungi adhere to the epithelium via ___.

Fungi adhere to which of the following host receptors?

Pathogenic fungi do NOT commonly produce toxins as virulence factors.

What is the ONLY identified peptide toxin related to virulence that is released by a fungus?

Fungal products (enzymes/toxins) CANNOT cause disease without causing fungal infection.

Pathogenic fungi are usually dimorphic.

A virulent mold must switch to a virulent yeast form.

Which is a unicellular type of fungi?

Which is a multicellular type of fungi?

Which of the following are ways that fungi protect themselves from phagocytosis?

Candida albicans resides in which of the following?

Candida albicans is dimorphic for yeast to mold form under neutral to alkaline pH.

Which form of Candida albicans is resistant to immunologic destruction and facilitates invasion?

Which of the following are released by FUNGI that can cause disease?