the three-dimensional field in which

objects and events occur and have relative

position and direction,

In this type of

spatial relationship, the larger, enveloping

space serves as a three-dimensional field for

the smaller space contained within it

is the most common type

of spatial relationship. It allows each space to

be clearly defined and to respond, each in its

own way, to specific functional or symbolic

requirements.

results from the

overlapping of two spatial fields and the

emergence of a zone of shared space

Two spaces that are separated by distance

can be linked or related to each other by a

third, intermediate, space

is a stable, concentrated

composition that consists of several

secondary spaces grouped around a large,

dominant, central space

consists essentially of a series of

spaces. These spaces can either be directly

related to one another or be linked through

a separate and distinct linear space

combines elements of both

centralized and linear organizations. It consists

of a dominant central space from which a

consists of forms and spaces whose

positions in space and relationships with one

another are regulated by a three-dimensional

grid pattern or field

relies on physical proximity to

relate its spaces to one another. It often

consists of repetitive, cellular spaces that have

similar functions and share a common visual

trait such as shape or orientation

Firmness or physical strength secured the

building's structural integrity.

The notion that a building is defective unless

the spaces provided are adequate and

appropriate for their intended usage would

seem obvious.

VITRUVIAN TRIAD: Utility provided an efficient arrangement of

spaces and mechanical systems to meet the

functional needs of its occupants

The person in charge of constructions

commanded by Pope

“Regole generall di architectura”

“Regola delle cinque ordini” / The Five Orders of

Architecture

One of French theorist who are critical of Italians

The Father of modern picture books of

architecture

Central figures in developing the mathematical

construction theory were

The methods of creating mathematical models and verifying them through experiments were adopted from

in 1747, a special school, _____, was founded in Paris.

After the Gothic style, the first architectural style

independent of the tradition of antiquity in Europe was

The intended uses of new buildings have certainly influenced their architecture long before the emergence of first architects or theories.

_____ of the building meant to the first developers

and supporters of the Functionalist theory mostly the

physical requirements (primarily dimensions) that

were necessary to carry out the practical corporeal

activities in the building.

_____ is based on the perfect mastery of all the scientific, technological, and formal prerequisites of the task.

A manifesto by Adolf Loos (1908), _____, had great influence on architects.

Functionalist architects understood how essential it is

to base their design on ______.

The _____ which began around 1760 in England, led to enormous changes at each level of civilization throughout the world.

industrial material brought more new building materials which are cast _____ with which architects and engineers rearranged the concept of function, size, and form due to the impact of industrial revolution.

The ______ movement originated in England in the mid-19th century as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of the industrial revolution.

English landscape gardener and designer of hothouses, who was the architect of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London

, giant glass-and-iron exhibition hall in

Hyde Park, London, that housed the Great Exhibition of

1851.

_____, was an American industrialist, founder of the Otis Elevator Company, and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails

A highly successful architect and the first Professor of

Architecture (1876-77) at the University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor

He was

instrumental in the development of the skyscraper and was noted for his highly successful management of the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 and his ideas about urban planning

is widely considered America's first truly modern architect.

The _____ of 1893 was the first world’s fair held in Chicago.

He was an Austrian architect and urban planner. He was a leading member of the Vienna Secession movement of architecture, founded in 1897, and the broader Art Nouveau movement.

He was a European architect who became more famous for his

ideas and writings than for his buildings.

was one of the most significant

European architects before World War I.

Wright is celebrated for developing a new type of American home, the Prairie house, elements of which continue to be copied. Streamlined and efficient, Wright's Prairie house designs paved the way for the iconic Ranch Style that became wildly popular in America during the 1950s and 1960s

architect noted for his influential role in the

development of modern architecture in Germany.

German-born American architect whose rectilinear

forms, crafted in elegant simplicity, epitomized the

International Style of architecture.

pioneered European modernism in architecture and laid the foundation for what became the Bauhaus Movement in Germany and the International Style in the US.

emerged in the early-20th century in Italy. It was motivated by anti-historicism and characterized by long horizontal lines and streamlined forms suggesting speed, dynamism, movement and urgency.

is an Avant-Garde Art movement, which was

distinct in comparison as every other art style was

three-dimensional, this was two dimensional.

a movement that emerged in the 1960s, described first

in a book called ‘Complexity and Contradiction in

Architecture’ by Robert Venturi and later in another

book by him and his wife Denise Scott Brown, ‘Learning

from Las Vegas’.

American architects who proposed alternatives to the functionalist mainstream of 20th-century American architectural design.

American architect and critic known both for his promotion of the International Style and, later, for his role in defining postmodernist architecture.

The physical appearance of _____ is often dominated by large sloping panels which gather solar energy.