People at this era define their life wherein men live without other security, than their own strength, and their own invention shall furnish There is no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”.

The era characterizes the lives of at least 3 billionhuman beings who live on less than the equivalent of US $2 per day.

This era began with the invention of labor-saving machines.

Eli Whitney invented the first workable cotton gin in 1973 while Cyrus McCornick invented reaper andbegan manufacture in 1840

The farmers fed themselves and six others of their family in 1910 during the chemical era.

The increase in farm productivity has been due to agricultural mechanization and improved technology which started during the chemical era.

Chemical era began when nitrogen fertilizer became readily available and increased production of the newly available hybrid rice.

The increase in the number of farms and farmers in 1926 was due to the availability of hybrid corn by Henry Wallace leading to found Pioneer Hi-Bred Int.

The increase in crop production and labor productivity in each agricultural era were caused by extensive farm mechanization, the use of agricultural chemicals, increased education of farmers, improved crop varieties, and improved farming practices.

According to Theophrastus, who regarded as father of modern botany, the trees, especially young trees, could be killed by pouring oil, presumably olive oil, over their roots.

The Greek philosopher Cato suggested that forests could be cleared by sprinkling tree roots with the juice of hemlock in which lupine flowers had been soaked.

Who advocated the use of Amurca?

Salt was used as an herbicide during the chemical era in England.

Mercurous chloride (HgCl2) was used as a fungicide and seed treatment in early 1755 while in 1763, nicotine was used to control aphids.

Blue vitriol, a copper sulfate, was first used to control the weeds.

Petroleum oils were introduced for weed control along irrigation ditches and in carrot in 1977.

The product called KMG, is an arsenic trichloride that kills morning glory.

Sulfuric acid was a very good herbicides that kills weeds, but is very corrosive to equipment and harmful to people.

The first synthetic organic chemical for selective weed control in cereals to control some broadleaved weeds and grasses in large-seeded crops such as beans.

It was first synthesize by Pokorny in 1941, and first discovered during World War II as growth regulators in plants. This herbicide is selective at low rate.

A substitute urea for the control of annual and perennial grasses, reported by Bucha and Todd.

The great era of herbicide development are labor reduction, increased mechanization, new methods to improve crop quality, and produce higher yield at produced cost.

Herbicide reduces or eliminate excessive human labor.

Herbicide reduces or eliminates mechanical tillage requirement.

Herbicide can be used as early season weed control to prevent weeds or reduce competition/preemergence or pre-plant herbicides

Herbicides are expensive.

Herbicides are exacting.

Herbicides encourages monoculture.

Herbicides can cause residue problems.

HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

This name describes the chemical structure of the herbicides.

The chemical constituent that makes up the herbicide's active ingredient can be determined and similarities to other chemicals can be found in this way.

It distinguish the herbicide from other products and assists in its sale.

It refers refers to all herbicide products that have the same active ingredients.

It is applied before the crop is seeded or planted.

It a.    is applied before emergence of crop or weed

It is applied after emergence of crop or weed

It is applied to foliage and kills at or very close to site of application.

Paraquat is an example of contact herbicides while glyphosate is systemic.

Herbicide that is capable of movement and effect away from site of application.

Selective herbicide is always be selective especially if higher doses will be used.

Selective herbicides are one that kills or retards the growth of an unwanted plant while causing little or no injury to desirable species. Glyphosate is an example of selective herbicide.

2,4-D kills broadleaves while no injury in grasses such a rice.

Non-selective herbicide, like glyphosate and paraquat are considered as a general weed killer.

Photosynthesis Inhibitors inhibit the photolysis of water in Photosystem II and Electron transport systems in photosystem I. Most of these type are soil-applied.

This herbicides inhibit the normal respiration rate of the plant. What is its component?

Herbicides in this family move in both the xylem and phloem of the plant and inhibit enzymes critical in the production of lipids.

This herbicide is usually a soil-applied and move in the xylem except amitrol, which moves in both phloem and xylem.

Glyphosate that translocate in the phloem with photosynthate that produced in the leaves. Glyphosate is an amino acid synthesis inhibitors.

Cell membrane disrupters may or may not have soil activity. Examples of those with soil activity are oxyfluorfen, lactofen and acifluorfen while without soil activity are paraquat, diquat, glufosinate.

These are mostly foliar applied herbicides which are systemic and translocate in both the xylem and phloem of the plant

The injury from this family of herbicides consists of twisted, malformed leaves and stems.

Propanil is a herbicide good for Echinochloa species in rice field. Propanil belongs to what chemical structure?

Trifluralin is a dinitroaniline that is very volatile.

2,4-D belongs to ____________.

In Hazard categorization of the pesticides, the presence of skull in the label suggests that it is ________.

In Hazard categorization of the pesticides, yellow label refers to _______________.

In Hazard categorization of the pesticides, blue label refers to _______________.

In Hazard categorization of the pesticides, green label refers to _______________.