WorksheetsBio Test 5
Total questions: 80
Worksheet time: 56mins
transcription
mRNA
tRNA
translation
mRNA
tRNA
Where is the gas-exchange surface in the bird respiratory system, i.e. where does oxygen enter the blood and carbon dioxide leave the blood?
the air sacs
the lungs
both the air sacs and the lungs
In birds, which structures expand and contract during inhalation and exhalation?
the air sacs
the lungs
The function of the parabronchi in birds is most similar to the function of which structure in the mammalian respiratory system?
alveoli
trachea
diaphragm
nostrils
What is the function of the air sacs in the bird respiratory system?
they store air for short periods, enabling fresh air to flow through the lungs during exhalation
they store air for long periods, enabling birds to stockpile oxygen prior to migrating at high altitudes
they separate oxygen into the front sacs, and carbon dioxide into the rear sacs, to improve the efficiency of gas exchange
they add buoyancy, thereby reducing the weight of the bird and enabling it to fly higher
What is the advantage of unidirectional air flow (i.e. air that flows in a loop) over bidirectional air flow (i.e. air that flows in and then back out the same way)? In unidirectional flow,...
muscles aren't needed to move the air through the respiratory system
there is always air in contact with the gas-exchange surface
there is less mixing of fresh and 'used' air
the volume of the lungs is higher
birds inhale into their ________ air sac
posterior
anterior
birds exhale from their ________ air sac
posterior
anterior
site of gas exchange in bird lungs
(a)
bird respiration: these structures "store fresh and used" air
air sacs
lungs
air flow in bird respiration is
unidirectional
multidirectional
why can birds fly?
they are light
they are skinny like Bella Hadid
they have really efficient lungs
they just wanna get high
one directional air flow
birds
mammals
slow breathing rate
birds
mammals
small surface lung area
birds
mammals
birds heart volume is (a) than mammals
double-stranded molecule of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones
(a)
a chain of nucleotides
chromosome
DNA
double-stranded molecule of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones
chromosome
DNA
a chain of nucleotides
(a)
DNA: a binds to _
(a)
DNA: c binds to _
(a)
RNA: a binds to _
(a)
DNA instructs the cell to make (a)
the structure and function of a (a) is determined by the order of its AAs, which is determined by the order in which ATC + G occur in the DNA
a segment of DNA specifying the sequence of amino acids in a particular protein
(a)
the (a) is a fundamental part of a chromosome (not separate!)
getting the information form the DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are made
transcription
translation
turning the sequence of bases into a sequence of amino acids bound together
transcription
translation
during transcription, mRNA serves are the messenger who delivers the instructions to the (a)
the ribosome binds to the bases _ at a time
(a)
triplet of RNA bases
codon
anti-codon
group of 3 bases on the tRNA
codon
anti-codon
(a) RNA brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome
the tRNA whose anti-codon binds (a) to the codon brings its amino acids to the ribosome
complimentarily = according to binding rules of (a)
as each tRNA brings its AA to the ribosome, the AA binds to the previous AA and the previous tRNA breaks off, forming a (a)
as each tRNA brings its AA to the ribosome, the AA binds to the previous AA and the previous tRNA breaks off, forming a (a)
new polypeptides fold into
secondary and tertiary shapes
tertiary and quaternary shapes
primary and secondary shapes
your mom
the correspondence between particular mRNA codons and amino acids
the genetic alphabet
the genetic code
Murphy's law
system of translating DNA bases into amino acids
(a)
- initiates translation by ribosome
- ribosome ignored mRNA bases preceding AUG
start codon
stop codon
cause ribosomes to release mRNA
start codon
stop codon
central dogma: dna -> (a) -> protein
central dogma: (a) -> rna -> protein
central dogma: dna -> rna -> (a)
a change in the sequence of bases of DNA
(a)
type of mutation: 1 base changes to another
point mutation
insertion
deletion
duplication
chromosomal
type of mutation: 1 or a few bases is added
point mutation
insertion
deletion
duplication
chromosomal
type of mutation: 1 or a few bases is removed
point mutation
insertion
deletion
duplication
chromosomal
type of mutation: large chunk of DNA is duplicated within the strand
point mutation
insertion
deletion
duplication
chromosomal
type of mutation: large-scale change in number or structure of chromosomes
point mutation
insertion
deletion
duplication
chromosomal
mutations happen
at any time
during replication
during meiosis
in your mom
high-energy radiation, chemicals, errors during replication, and viruses (a) mutations
mutations: no effect on protein structure + function
neutral
harmful
beneficial
mutations: loss of function, especially in homozygous alleles
neutral
harmful
beneficial
mutations: generate new alleles than can increase fitness
neutral
harmful
beneficial
bar headed geese: high-altitude Hb loads and releases O2 well
high altitude
low altitude
bar headed geese: high altitude Hb does not release much O2
high altitude
low altitude
high altitude Hb has (a) efficiency at low altitudes
a gene is ________ when it is transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein
dormant
expressed
genes turned on
transcription
no transcription
genes turned off
transcription
no transcription
why do genes have different structures and functions? genes are not (a) all the time
gene expression varies among cells and over (a)
genes are turned on/off depending on:
developmental stage
time of year
your mom
seasonal change
genes are turned on/off depending on:
type of tissue
time of year
your mom
seasonal change
begins when RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter just upstream from the gene
transcription
translation
__________ factors regulate attachment of RNA polymerase to promoter
transcription
translation
recruit RNA polymerase to promoter; initiate transcription
activator proteins
repressor proteins
block RNA polymerase from promoter; prevent transcription
activator proteins
repressor proteins
(a) genes: control expression of other genes by turning them on/off
cause tissue differentiation during development
regulatory genes
activator genes
fetal genes
your mom
(a) gene code for an activator protein that turns on other genes needed to develop testes
a protein family shares similar
structure
charges
neucleotides
heme groups
damaged genes without transcription
pseudogenes
urmom genes
phylogenes
Smith genes
causes of gene duplication: unequal crossing over during (a)
causes of gene duplication: duplication of entire (a)
causes of gene duplication: duplication of entire chromosome (a)
