Which of the 'R' groups shown at the bottom of the page would be classified as a 'branched-chain' 'R' group?

Mot of the amino acid alanine (pK1 = 2.3; pK2 = 9.7) will be in its zwitterion form when the environmental pH of the system is ____.

The tetrapeptide: asp-ala-ser-glu; will display ___ peptide bonds and ___ acid-base functional groups.

If one is seeking to build tripeptides using the three amino acids: ser; phe; and ala; how many tripeptides could be constructed using only the amino acids ser and ala?

Which of the following tripeptide fragments could be generated when the hexapeptide: glu-ala-leu-asp-cys-ala; is partially hydrolyzed?

The energetics of a protein secondary structure are described in terms of hydrogen bonding between ____.

Which set of protein structures are normally found in a fibrous protein?

The amino acid glycine is unique among the other protein amino acids in that it demonstrates ____.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) functions during collagen synthesis to ____.

Hemoglobin buffers metabolically produced ____ to prevent a(n) ____ in blood plasma pH.

When bicarbonate ion arrives at the lungs in a venous red blood cell, the acid ____ reacts with bicarbonate ion to convert it into CO2 and H2O.

How many hydrogen atoms are found in the structure of the fatty acid 18:0? NOTE: Assume the acid is not ionized

The dietary sources of fatty acids, things like lard, olive oil, etcl, are lipids called ____.

Which physical property of fatty acids is modified by the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid.

Premature infants often have trouble breathing because the alveoli in their lungs are not sufficiently developed to produce adequate amounts of a lipid called phosphatidylcholine which acts as a(n) ____ that is needed so the alveoli can open and close during respiration.

Which of the following is the general formula for a monosaccharide?

Without the carbohydrate ____ life forms of all types would be unable to synthesize the important biometabolite ____.

Identify the anomeric carbon in the carbohydrate shown at the right of the of the stem of this question.

There is (are) ____ anomeric carbon(s) in the structure shown at the right of the stem of this question and the linkage joins carbons numbered ____.

This is the name of one type of protein secondary structure.

The structure of DNA features this monosaccharide as a component.

A peptide bond is between a nitrogen atom and an atom of this element.

This type of lipid is never found as a component of a bilipid layer.

The amino acid proline is found mainly in this protein.

The alpha carbon (a-carbon) in an amino acid is bound to the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and phsophorus.

The disulfide linkages that are found in many protein tertiary structures can be converted into two sulfhydryl groups under the influence of an oxidizing agent

There are reactions that take place in red blood cells at pulmonary capillaries that convert carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ion.

A ketohexose will have fewer oxygen atoms in its structure than an aldohexose.

The term "trans fat" refers to a type of triacylglycerol that contains unsaturated fatty acids that have trans double bonds as part of their structure.

Which of the following sets of amino acid 'R' groups would be classified as hydrophobic?

If an amino acid having a hydrophobic 'R' group, and two amino acids having polar charged 'R' groups, are combined, the resulting tripeptide would demonstrate ____ peptide linkages and ____ acid-base functional groups.

If an amino acid with a hydrophobic 'R' group has a pK1 = 2.9 and a pK2 = 9.1, then this amino acid would be a good buffer at a pH of ____.

The formation of an a-helix from a linear polypeptide is ____ due to the ____ within the peptide chain.

The hydrogen bonded interactions that appear in the tertiary structure of a polypeptide are found to exist between ____.

When cheese is made from milk, the protein component of the milk is ____ in response to the ____ pH of its environment.

A quaternary structure tends to appear in a polypeptide when its ____ increases.

The hydroxylation process that occurs early in the synthesis of collagen is necessary to support the ____ that are found in the mature collagen fiber.

The appearance of ____ in an arterial red blood cell causes the equilibrium: HHbO2 <-> HHb + O2; to shift to the ____ as the pH ____.

Complete the reaction shown below. NOTE: Be sure the equation is balanced when you get finished H2O + CO2 + ______ --> _____ + O2 + HCO3-

A naturally occurring long chain fatty acid usually has a(n) ____ number of carbon atoms and any unsaturation found in the fatty acid will demonstrate a ____ configuration.

If a triacylglycerol containing approximately 60% unsaturated fatty acids (both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated acids are present) is processed to hydrogenate most of the 'unsaturations', the most notable change in the lipid will be a(n) ____.

At about 32-35 weeks of gestation, the amniotic fluid tends demonstrate an increase in a specific lipid which is ____ in the pulmonary alveoli and allows an infant to obtain oxygen by breathing air at birth.

What is the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in a typical monosaccharide? NOTE: 'hydrogen:carbon'

The important sugar found in many nucleotides is classified as a(n) ____.

In the carbohydrate shown at the right, the oxygen atom that is bound to two carbon atoms is connected to ____.

Characterize the glycosidic linkage shown in the carbohydrate at the right.

If 'n' is the number of a1-4 linkages between a1-6 linkages in a starch or glycogen polymer, and is typically about 20 in starch and about 8 to 10 in glycogen, estimate the maximum number of glucose units in an amylose fragment.

Consider the following glucose tolerance curve data: from carbohydrate 'A' - normal = 5 mM, peak = 9 mM, and return to normal after 150 minutes; from carbohydrate 'B' - normal = mM, peak = 9 mM, and return to normal after 95 minutes. Contrast 'A' and 'B'.

This amino acid has the smallest possible 'R' group.

In grocery stores, this carbohydrate is called 'cane sugar'.

Disulfide linkages are a feature of this type of protein substructure.

Lipids of this description are most likely to be amphipathic.

The Bohr Effect relates this property to the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

An amino acid is a very poor buffer at pH values at or near its isoelectric point.

Fibrous proteins usually demonstrate primary and tertiary structures, but do not show secondary structures.

The type of lipid called a 'trans fat' tends to occur to a greater extent in animal fats than in vegetable fats.

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all homopolymers of glucose.

Most carbon dioxide is transported from respiring cells to the lungs by the blood in the form of bicarbonate ion dissolved in blood plasma.

Which set of amino acid 'R' groups is composed of two non-polar 'R' groups?

Which of the following 'R' groups would be most likely to be ionized at a pH of 7.4?

Using the figure at the right, indicate the region of the curve that would represent the largest concentration of the form of the amino acid shown in the figure.

Using the titration curve shown above, indicate the region of the curve that would represent a buffer system that has the carboxylic acid group of the amino acid as the proton donor, and the carboxylate function as the proton acceptor.

A 'peptide bond' is formed between the ____ group on one amino acid and the ____ group on another amino acid.

Complete hydrolysis of the tetrapeptide: SER-LYS-SER-ALA; will yield ____ amino acids, but ____ DIFFERENT amino acids.

Which of the following sets of atoms defines an 'amide plane'?

The formation of an a-helix is identified as an ____ process due to the appearance of ____ in the completed helical structure.

Which set of interactions is normally associated with the tertiary structure of a polypeptide?

Which of the following protein substructures is often susceptible to modification under the influence of an elevated temperature?

The 'quaternary structure' of a polypeptide is usually associated with a protein having ____.

The specific role of vitamin C in collagen formation is to function as a(n) ____ agent during the ____ phase of the collagen synthesis mechanism.

The display at the right depicts the conversion of a ____ red blood cell to a ____ red blood cell at ____ capillary sites. (this one the answer was blotched so I might be wrong..)

As arterial red blood cells are converted to venous red blood cells at the peripheral capillary sites, the proton donated by the acid ____ reacts with the form of hemoglobin depicted as ____.

The melting point range of a triacylglycerol tends to ____ as the number of carbon-carbon double bonds found in the component fatty acids ____.

The condition called respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) tends to occur in premature infants (< 34 weeks gestation) due to the lack of a specific ____, which is supposed to act as a ____ in the alveoli of the lungs of such an individual.

Although it could have a number of possible designations, a sugar having the formula: C5H10O4; is definitely a(n) ____.