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WorksheetsPart 1 Lecture Review Summer 2025 Update
Total questions: 80
Worksheet time: 1hrs 20mins
Match the following types of cells with their primary function.
cytotoxic T cells
Kill cancer cells and infected cells
B cells
Produce antibodies
mast cells
Play a key role in allergic reactions
eosinophils
Combat parasites
Which type of immunity has memory?
innate
adaptive/acquired
Liz notices that shortly after cutting her arm accidentally, the area around the cut is turning red and feeling hot. Which immune system defense is Liz experiencing?
inflammation
white blood cell clotting
skin
fever
Match the following molecules with their primary function in cell communication.
Cytokines
Involved in immune responses, mediating and regulating immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis
Chemokines
Specialized in chemotaxis, guiding the movement of cells towards sites of infection or inflammation
Antigens
Substances that can induce an immune response
White blood cell
Part of the immune system, helping to protect the body from infection and disease
Attack the infected host cell, instead of pathogens.
NK cells
Phagocytes
Mast cells
Granulocytes
This image shows
that the second time you are exposed you make more antibodies
the communication between macrophage and Helper T
that an enzyme speeds up chemical reactions
The bike route Mr. Coyne does at lunch
Antigens are
the proteins made by the B cell to fight infections
the proteins on an organism that trigger the immune system to respond
Match the following types of white blood cells with their correct description.
agranulocytes
WBC's without granules; include lymphocytes and monocytes
erythrocytes
Red blood cells
granulocytes
granule-containing WBC's; include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
leukocytes
All types of white blood cells
ability of WBC to slip into and out of blood vessels
positive chemotaxis
diapedesis
ameboid motion
hematocrit
Match the following types of WBCs with their characteristics.
basophils
Rarest of WBC; contain histamine-containing granules
eosinophils
Contain large cytoplasmic granules; typically stain red/orange with eosin dye
neutrophils
Most abundant; first responders to bacterial infection
monocytes
Largest of the WBCs; differentiate into macrophages
Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?
redness
heat
swelling
fever
Fever is one physiological response that our body uses to inhibit pathogens. What is the part of the brain affected by pyrogens to stimulate fever?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Anterior Hypophysis
Hypothalamus
In fever, the body's internal/core temperature is increased to
Increase the rate at which immune cells can function
Reduce the growth of microbes
Both of the above
This diagram is outlining the process of...
Fever
Blood clotting
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
What is the function of antibodies within the immune system?
Antibodies kill off any antigen that enters the body.
Antibodies are only made when you are given a vaccination for specific antigens.
Antibodies bind to specific antigens to flag them for destruction.
Antibodies are part of an external defense mechanism.
Match the following antibodies with the correct description of their primary function or characteristic.
Ig G
Antibody that can move thru the placenta
Ig A
Main antibody type found in mucous secretions
Ig M
First antibody to reach the site of infection
Ig E
Involved in allergy and antiparasitic responses
What is Herd Immunity?
When a group of animals become immune to an illness
The number of people someone with an infection can possibly spread the illness to
Becoming immune to a vaccine and having it not work
When a large amount of people protect those who haven't gotten vaccinated
Match the following types of immunity with their correct descriptions.
Natural Passive Immunity
Immunity acquired by a child through mother's milk
Natural Active Immunity
Immunity that occurs when a person's own immune system produces antibodies in response to the presence of a pathogen when a person gets sick
Artificial Active Immunity
Immunity that occurs through vaccines
When the immune system of a person starts to attack their own body cells that it's supposed to protect, this can be classified as
immune disorder
autoimmune disease
multiple sclerosis
rheumatoid arthritis
Match the following hypersensitivity reactions with their examples.
Type I
Bronchial Asthma (IgE and histamine)
Type II
Hemolytic anemia (IgG or IgM mediated cell destruction)
Type III
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Immune complex mediated)
Type IV
Contact Dermatitis (T-cell mediated)
What is the role of complement proteins?
A complement of proteins that cause the influx of gastric secretions to digest large particles of chyme.
Activate other proteins in a domino fashion resulting in a cascade of reactions which attract phagocytes.
Proteins that increase Vital Capacity (VC), which is the maximum amount of air that can be expired after taking the deepest breath.
Protein bars that provide energy when a Red Bull energy drink just does not help enough.
What is the term for the engulfment and digestion of pathogens by immune cells?
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
Pinocytosis
What are the two groups of the immune system?
Acquired and Innate
Acquired and Learned
External and Internal
Complex and Simple
Your respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, mucous membranes, and lesions/cuts/abrasions (skin) can all be considered:
Reservoirs
Portals of entry/ exit
Fomites
None of the above
Pathogenicity is
The degree in a microorganism
When the microbe is in a party
The ability to cause disease
None
Identify the given structure
antigen
antibody
hormone
MHC
Inflammation
causes reduced blood circulation to the damaged/infected area
brings more phagocytes to the damaged/infected area
releases Natural Killer cells
produces antibodies
Interferons
cause vasodilation
cause cell lysis
cause antiviral proteins to be made in uninfected cells
activate the complement cascade
Chemical that causes the blood vessels around the infection to dilate (expand) so that more blood can flow to the infection
Stomach acid
Mucus
Epithelial cells
Histamines
What is phagocytosis?
WBCs
When a cells eat other cells
When a cell collapses
When a cell releases nutrients
The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation is ________.
heat, pain, and redness
pain and whitening of the surrounding tissue
swelling and pain
swelling, heat, redness, and pain
Which of the following are outcomes of activation of the complement system? (select all that apply)
Activation of T cells
More inflammation
Restriction of phagocytosis
Lysis of a target cell
bring more phagocytes to the area
Lysozymes found in your tears, saliva, and blood are most effective against
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoans
Which of the following bacteria is more susceptible to the membrane attack complex (MAC):
Gram negative
Gram positive
Mycolic acid
The protective protein of the epidermis that aids in waterproofing the skin, hair, and nails is termed _______.
keratin
dermis
adipose
actin
Glycoprotein responsible for keeping membranes moist and trapping microbes:
Tears
Blood
Mucus
Lysozyme
Immunity that you are born with:
adaptive
innate
Immunity that you aquire throughout your lifetime:
adaptive
innate
Phagocytes digest microbes within a:
lysosome
phagocyte
phagolysosome
vacuole
What is a tight junction?
When the space between cells are closer together than they normally should be
A chemical reaction
A specialized connection of two adjacent animal cell membranes that prevents substances from passing through
Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria both utilize __________________ as a method of adhesion.
Fimbriae
MSCRAMMS
Pili
Afimbriae
Protein that is released by bacteria and pokes holes in host cell membranes.
Invasin
Coagulase
Cadherin
Perforin
Pyrogens cause:
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Fever
Itching
Ergot is a hallucinogenic toxin released by some:
Fungi
Prion
Virus
Bacteria
Allow the digestion of blood clots:
Coagulases
Collagenase
Hyaluronidase
Kinases
Which of the following are both portals of entry and exit.
Gastrointestinal tract
Mucus membranes
Skin
All of these
The ability to cause disease by overcoming host defenses is termed __________, whereas ____________ is the degree to which the pathogen overcomes host defenses.
pathogenicity; virulence
virulence; pathogenicity
The _____measures the potency of a microbe’s toxin, whereas the _____ measures a microbe’s overall virulence.
LD50; ID50
ID50; LD50
_______________are proteins secreted by pathogens that scavenge iron deposits from host cells.
MSCRAMMS
Siderophores
Fimbriae
Bacteriocins
When a pathogen alters its PAMPs and is no longer recognized by host antibodies, _____________ has occurred.
Conversion
Affinity
Immunity
Antigenic variation
To cause disease, pathogens must first:
Enter the host
Adhere to host tissues
Penetrate or evade host defenses
Damage the host tissues
Exit from the host
Exotoxins are only found in G- bacteria.
True
False
Endotoxins are only found in G- cells.
True
False
The presence of "mycotoxin" indicates that a patient has a _____ infection.
bacterial
fungal
protozoal
viral
If a patient has toxemia, where have toxins been found?
blood
lymph
skin
brain
The ID50 for Campylobacter sp. is 500 cells; the ID50 for Cryptosporidium sp. is 100 cells. Which of the following statements is not true?
Both microbes are pathogens.
Both microbes produce infections in 50% of the inoculated hosts.
Cryptosporidium is more virulent than Campylobacter.
Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium are equally virulent; they cause infections in the same number of test animals.
The severity of infections caused by Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium cannot be determined by the information provided.
Exerts its effect when the bacterium dies
exotoxin
endotoxin
neurotoxin
cytotoxin
An infection acquired by an individual in a healthcare facility.
endogenous
exogenous
nosocomial
opportunistic
David noticed some physical or psychological changes after getting sick. What are these changes called?
symptoms
transmission
treatment
prevention
In general, what is the common mechanism of action of antifungals?
stop cell wall synthesis
stop protein synthesis
stop nucleic acid synthesis
they target sterols in the plasma membrane
Selective toxicity means that
the drug kills only a small subset of microbes
the drug kills bacteria but not helminths
the drug kills microbes but is not harmful to the host
the drug can be used at a wide range of concentrations
It is most difficult to find a drug with selective toxicity when
the microbe is prokaryotic
the microbe is a bacteria
the microbe has been newly discovered
the microbe has many cellular similarities to human cells
Over half of the antibiotics are made by
bacteria
fungi
helminths
protozoa
Which of the following are mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs (choose all that apply)
damaging the plasma membrane
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
altering cell surface receptors on the bacteria
inhibit metabolic pathways
Bacteria become resistant to Penicillin when:
they have enzymes that break B-lactam rings
have enzymes that reinforce B-lactam rings
develop a membrane within their cell wall
Phagocytose the drug
This antibiotic works by interfering with bacteria's ability to copy their DNA. This stops them from reproducing.
Tetracyclines
Penicillin (beta-lactam)
Fluoriquinolones
Sulfa antibiotics (sulfonamids)
This antibiotic works by interfering with an B vitamin (folate) that bacteria require to survive. They can't reproduce or grow well without that vitamin.
Tetracyclines
Penicillin (beta-lactam)
Fluoriquinolones
Sulfa antibiotics (sulfonamids)
What is communicable?
spread of disease or infection from person to person with (in)direct contact
spread of disease or infection by viruses communicating with each other
communicating to your physician the need for a physical
spread of infectious people by bacteria communicating with other bacteria
How are protein synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics selectively toxic?
The eukaryotic RNA polymerase is structurally different from prokaryotic.
Eukaryotes do not need to synthesize proteins.
The eukaryotic ribosome is structurally different from prokaryotic.
Eukaryotes use a completely different mechanism to synthesize proteins.
Drugs that block protein synthesis would mostly like effect
cell wall
ribosomes
DNA
capsule
Drug that competes with normal substrate for enzyme's active site is
competitive inhibition
synergistic effect
selectively toxic
