Utilizes pseudopods (false feet) for locomotion

Utilizes hair-like structures called cilia for locomotion

Motile but do not have special organs for locomotion

Equipped with whip-like structures called the flagella which aid the parasite in locomotion

Balantidium coli

Plasmodium species

Giardia lamblia

Plasmodium species

Entamoeba histolytica

Parasitic Worms

Eukaryotic, unicellular non-photosynthetic organism

Also called the roundworms

Also called the flukes

Ascaris lumbricoides

Trichuris trichiura

Strongyloides stercoralis

Necator americanus

Diphyllobothrium latum

Paragonimus westermani

Fasciola hepatica

Taenia saginata

Taenia solium

Enterobius vermicularis

Ancylostoma duodenale

Contains the first written records of intestinal worms that were confirmed by the discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies dating from 1200 BC

Described worms from fishes, domesticated animals, and humans

1250 to 1200 BC: Described “fiery serpents” which is most likely Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm) which struck down the Israelites in the region of the Red Sea after the Exodus from Egypt

Were familiar with Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis and tapeworms belonging to genus Taenia

Arabic physician who recognized the guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis

Detailed account of aat swelling in the limbs among some ancient Egyptians; aat appears as the nature of infection with Dracunculus medinensis and techniques for removing the worm

Clearly described Ascaris, Enterobius, and tapeworms; Also gave good clinical descriptions of their respective infections

Gave detailed description of aaa (possibly Hookworm infection) among ancient Egyptians

Father of Taxonomy , Described & named six helminth worms

Discovered that malaria is caused by protozoans known as the Plasmodium species

Identified Trypanosoma brucei gambiense which causes chronic sleeping sickness

Establish mosquitoes (Female Anopheles) as vectors

Discovery of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis

Contributed significantly to the study of the life cycle of Plasmodium spp.

Identified Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense that causes acute sleeping sickness

Discovered Giardia lamblia, the first parasitic protozoan in humans

Discovered that mosquitoes can transmit can transmit malaria to birds

Gave the first detailed anatomy of A. lumbricoides

Gave another detailed description of A. lumbricoides

Demonstrated that ingestion of eggs of A. lumbricoides as correct mode of transmission

Validated Davaine’s work; Infected himself with eggs of A. lumbricoides & subsequently found eggs in his feces

Infected a volunteer and himself; Subsequently found large numbers of larvae in his sputum

Discovered the life cycle of A. lumbricoides including the migration of larval stages around the body

Found hookworms in a human patient

Scientists used the term ‘Egyptian chlorosis’ to describe the greenish pallor associated with Hookworm infection

Accidentally infected himself with the hookworm larvae

Established the real connection between pallor and Hookworm infection while investigating the diseases of miners in the St. Gothard tunnel

Deliberately placed S. stercoralis on his skin; Found larvae in his feces 64 days later

Established the association between Hookworm infection and the (then) unknown disease characterized by anemia, greenish yellow pallor and laziness

“Hookworm & Strongyloides stercoralis larvae enter the body by boring through the skin”

Confirmed that eating “measly” beef causes tapeworm infections

Recognized the clinical significance of infection; Concluded that infections come from eating raw and improperly cooked pork

Discovery of the adult worms of T. spiralis

Scientific observations on the tapeworms of humans, dogs, and other animals

Recognize the “head” (scolex) of a tapeworm

Discovered T. spiralis worm in humans

Middle of the 19th century: Recognized the difference between Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)

Observed that the scolices of the tapeworm in humans resembled cysts in the muscle of pigs

First to state that intermediate hosts are involved in the life cycles of Taenia

1850s: In a much-criticized experiment, fed pig meat containing Taenia solium to criminals condemned to death and recovered adult tapeworms after they had been executed

Observation of Color

Passage of black , tarry stools are called as ______

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (esophagus, stomach, duodenum)

Causes: Ingestion of iron, charcoal, or bismuth

are observed in patients taking oral antibiotics and increased intake of green vegetables or food coloring

Observation of Stool Consistency

are caused by ingestion of milk diet, corn meal, rhubarb and fats

Causes: Lower GI bleeding (colon, rectum) and Medications such as Rifampin and foods including beets

Passage of stools with fresh blood due to lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is called as

Normal Characteristics for Fecal Analysis Color:

are caused by blockage of bile duct or use of barium sulfate

Normal Characteristics for Fecal Analysis Consistency:

Normal Characteristics for Fecal Analysis Quantity:

Normal Characteristics for Fecal Analysis Odor:

Normal Characteristics for Fecal Analysis pH:

Necessary to identify helminth eggs and larvae as well as protozoans

Routine microscopic examination

Most frequently performed fecal chemical examination

Used to detect “occult” or “hidden” blood that may be present in fecal samples.

Necessary because any bleeding in excess of 2.5 mL/150 g of stool is PATHOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT and there may be no visible signs of bleeding with this amount of blood

A mass screening procedure for the early detection of

A mass screening procedure for the early detection of colorectal cancer, Recommended by the _________ especially for those >50 years old

A solution of iodine (Lugol’s iodine) is used instead

Best in highlighting details of protozoan cysts, thus, it may aid in correct identification

One or two drops of normal saline solution (NSS) is aspirated and transferred onto a glass slide.

A clean wooden applicator stick is then used to acquire a representative portion of the fecal sample.

The wooden stick (now containing the sample) is then applied over the NSS to prepare a fecal emulsion. A cover slip is placed on top followed by microscopic examination