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WorksheetsBIO 205 Practice Final Exam 2025
Total questions: 86
Worksheet time: 43mins
Define the following term: Vegetative cell.
A vegetative cell is a cell of a bacterium that is actively growing rather than forming spores.
A vegetative cell is a dormant cell that forms spores under stress.
A vegetative cell is a type of plant cell involved in photosynthesis.
A vegetative cell is a cell that only exists in multicellular animals.
Define the following term: Sterilization.
Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of life, including microbial spores, from an object or environment.
Sterilization is the process of cooling an object to preserve it.
Sterilization is the process of adding nutrients to an environment to promote growth.
Sterilization is the process of filtering air to remove dust particles.
Define the following term: Disinfection.
Disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces.
Disinfection is the process of sterilizing living tissues.
Disinfection is the process of cleaning visible dirt from surfaces.
Disinfection is the process of removing all types of stains from fabrics.
Define the following term: Pasteurization.
Pasteurization is a process of heating food, usually liquid, to a specific temperature for a definite length of time and then cooling it immediately to slow microbial growth.
Pasteurization is a method of freezing food to preserve its taste and texture.
Pasteurization is a process of adding chemicals to food to enhance its flavor.
Pasteurization is a technique used to dry food for long-term storage.
Define the following term: Autoclave.
An autoclave is a device used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high-pressure saturated steam.
An autoclave is a device used to measure blood pressure.
An autoclave is a device used to cool laboratory samples rapidly.
An autoclave is a device used to mix chemical solutions.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Antisepsis'.
The process of reducing or eliminating microorganisms on living tissue.
The process of sterilizing surgical instruments.
The process of cleaning surfaces with soap and water.
The process of removing toxins from the bloodstream.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Vehicle'.
An inanimate object or material that serves as a means of transmission for pathogens.
A living organism that causes disease.
A chemical substance used to treat infections.
A physical barrier that prevents the entry of pathogens.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Fomite'.
A nonliving object that can transmit infectious agents.
A living organism that produces antibiotics.
A type of virus that infects bacteria.
A chemical used to sterilize surfaces.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Etiology'.
The study of the cause of disease.
The study of disease symptoms.
The study of disease treatment.
The study of disease prevention.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Syndrome'.
A group of symptoms that consistently occur together or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms.
A single symptom that appears randomly.
A disease caused by bacteria only.
A treatment method for chronic illnesses.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Remission'.
A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease.
A sudden increase in disease severity.
A complete cure of the disease.
A change in the type of disease symptoms.
Define 'Resident microbiota'.
Microorganisms that normally reside on or in the body without causing disease.
Microorganisms that cause acute infections in the body.
Microorganisms that are only found in laboratory cultures.
Microorganisms that are always pathogenic to humans.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Antibody'.
A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to antigens.
A type of cell that digests bacteria.
A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
A molecule that stores genetic information.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Transient microbiota'.
Microorganisms that are present on or in the body for only a short time.
Microorganisms that permanently reside in the body.
Microorganisms that cause disease in the host.
Microorganisms that are only found in laboratory conditions.
Fill in the blank: Define 'Antigen'.
A substance that induces an immune response, often by stimulating the production of antibodies.
A type of white blood cell that fights infection.
A protein that transports oxygen in the blood.
A chemical that breaks down food in the stomach.
Complete the table for chemical control. What is the mechanism of action for Household bleach?
Oxidation and denaturation of proteins.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
Disruption of DNA replication.
Blocking of metabolic pathways.
Complete the table for chemical control. What is an example of Glutaraldehyde?
Cidex (or similar disinfectant).
Bleach
Alcohol
Hydrogen peroxide
What is the mechanism of action for Glutaraldehyde?
Alkylation of protein and nucleic acids.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
Disruption of cell membrane integrity.
Interference with folic acid synthesis.
What is the effect of Alcohols as a sterilization agent?
Alcohols are used as disinfectants and antiseptics; they denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes.
Alcohols promote bacterial growth and enhance cell wall synthesis.
Alcohols act as nutrients for microorganisms, aiding their survival.
Alcohols are used to increase the pH of solutions, making them more alkaline.
What is the effect of Gamma Rays and X-ray as sterilization agents?
Gamma Rays and X-ray cause ionization, which damages DNA and other cellular components, leading to cell death.
Gamma Rays and X-ray only heat the surface, leaving microorganisms unaffected.
Gamma Rays and X-ray promote cell growth and reproduction.
Gamma Rays and X-ray act as nutrients for microbial cells.
What is the effect of Ethylene oxide as a sterilization agent?
Gas used for sterilization in hospitals.
Liquid used for cleaning wounds.
Powder used for dressing burns.
Tablet used for pain relief.
What is the effect of UV light as a sterilization agent?
Damages the DNA by creation of thymine dimers. Interferes with replication.
Increases protein synthesis in microorganisms.
Promotes cell wall formation in bacteria.
Enhances metabolic activity of pathogens.
Describe the differences between –cidal and –static. 1. Bactericidal vs Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal agents kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic agents inhibit their growth.
Bactericidal agents inhibit bacterial growth, while bacteriostatic agents kill bacteria.
Both bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents kill bacteria.
Both bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents only inhibit bacterial growth.
Describe the differences between –cidal and –static. 2. Fungicidal vs Fungistatic.
–cidal agents kill microorganisms, while –static agents inhibit their growth; fungicidal kills fungi, fungistatic inhibits fungal growth.
–cidal agents inhibit growth, while –static agents kill microorganisms; fungicidal inhibits fungi, fungistatic kills fungi.
–cidal and –static both kill microorganisms; fungicidal and fungistatic both kill fungi.
–cidal agents only affect viruses, –static agents only affect bacteria; fungicidal and fungistatic are unrelated to fungi.
Describe resistant, susceptible, and intermediate. Describe the zone of inhibitions you would expect to see with each type of microbe. Fill in the table: Term: Resistant, Susceptible, Intermediate; Description; Zone of Inhibition.
Resistant: Microbe is not affected by the antimicrobial agent; Zone of inhibition is absent or very small. Susceptible: Microbe is killed or inhibited by the antimicrobial agent; Zone of inhibition is large. Intermediate: Microbe shows partial inhibition; Zone of inhibition is moderate.
Resistant: Microbe is killed by the antimicrobial agent; Zone of inhibition is large. Susceptible: Microbe is not affected by the antimicrobial agent; Zone of inhibition is absent. Intermediate: Microbe shows no inhibition; Zone of inhibition is absent.
Resistant: Microbe shows partial inhibition; Zone of inhibition is moderate. Susceptible: Microbe is not affected by the antimicrobial agent; Zone of inhibition is absent. Intermediate: Microbe is killed by the antimicrobial agent; Zone of inhibition is large.
Resistant: Microbe is killed or inhibited by the antimicrobial agent; Zone of inhibition is large. Susceptible: Microbe shows partial inhibition; Zone of inhibition is moderate. Intermediate: Microbe is not affected by the antimicrobial agent; Zone of inhibition is absent.
Complete the table regarding mode of action or target, and drugs in these categories. Explain if the drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Mode of Action: Cell wall synthesis inhibitor
Bactericidal; Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Vancomycin
Bacteriostatic; Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Chloramphenicol
Bactericidal; Aminoglycosides, Quinolones, Rifampicin
Bacteriostatic; Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
Complete the table regarding mode of action or target, and drugs in these categories. Explain if the drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Mode of Action: Protein synthesis inhibitor Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal: _______ Drugs: _______
Bacteriostatic; Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Chloramphenicol
Bactericidal; Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems
Bacteriostatic; Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones, Sulfonamides
Bactericidal; Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Chloramphenicol
Complete the table regarding mode of action or target, and drugs in these categories. Explain if the drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Mode of Action: Disruption of membranes Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal: _______ Drugs: _______
Bactericidal; Polymyxins, Daptomycin
Bacteriostatic; Tetracyclines, Macrolides
Bactericidal; Penicillins, Cephalosporins
Bacteriostatic; Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
Complete the table regarding mode of action or target, and drugs in these categories. Explain if the drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Mode of Action: Nucleic acid inhibition
Bactericidal; Fluoroquinolones, Rifampin
Bacteriostatic; Macrolides, Tetracyclines
Bactericidal; Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides
Bacteriostatic; Sulfonamides, Chloramphenicol
Complete the table regarding mode of action or target, and drugs in these categories. Explain if the drug is bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Mode of Action: Metabolic pathway block
Bacteriostatic; Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
Bactericidal; Penicillins, Cephalosporins
Bactericidal; Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones
Bacteriostatic; Macrolides, Tetracyclines
If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n) _______ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen B.
smaller
larger
equal
clearer
Broad spectrum antibiotics act against a wide range of bacteria, while narrow spectrum antibiotics target specific types. Which of the following pairs correctly matches examples of broad and narrow spectrum antibiotics?
Broad: Tetracycline, Narrow: Penicillin
Broad: Penicillin, Narrow: Tetracycline
Broad: Amoxicillin, Narrow: Chloramphenicol
Broad: Erythromycin, Narrow: Tetracycline
Factors that contribute to antibiotic resistance include:
Overuse of antibiotics
Regular exercise
Balanced diet
Adequate sleep
Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics by:
mutating their genes to survive antibiotic exposure.
increasing their size to avoid antibiotics.
producing more toxins to destroy antibiotics.
absorbing antibiotics and using them for energy.
Describe the different portals of entry. Give examples of each portal.
Description: Entry through the nose or mouth into the lungs Example: Influenza virus
Description: Entry through the skin via insect bite Example: Malaria parasite
Description: Entry through the gastrointestinal tract Example: Salmonella bacteria
Description: Entry through the eyes Example: Conjunctivitis virus
Describe the different portals of entry. Give examples of each portal.
Description: Entry through the mouth into the digestive system Example: Salmonella
Description: Entry through the skin into the circulatory system Example: Influenza
Description: Entry through the respiratory tract into the nervous system Example: E. coli
Description: Entry through the eyes into the muscular system Example: Hepatitis B
Describe the different portals of entry. Give examples of each portal.
Description: Entry through the urinary or reproductive organs Example: HIV
Description: Entry through the digestive tract Example: Influenza
Description: Entry through the respiratory tract Example: Salmonella
Description: Entry through the skin Example: Measles
Describe the different portals of entry. Give examples of each portal.
Description: Entry through cuts or wounds in the skin Example: Tetanus
Description: Entry through the digestive tract Example: Cholera
Description: Entry through the respiratory tract Example: Influenza
Description: Entry through the urinary tract Example: Gonorrhea
Describe the different portals of entry. Give examples of each portal.
Description: Entry from mother to fetus across the placenta Example: Rubella virus
Description: Entry through the skin via insect bite Example: Malaria
Description: Entry through ingestion of contaminated food Example: Salmonella
Description: Entry through inhalation of airborne particles Example: Influenza
Define signs and symptoms. Give examples of each.
Definition: Objective evidence of disease observed by others Example: Fever
Definition: Subjective evidence of disease observed by others Example: Rash
Definition: Objective evidence of disease felt by the patient Example: Headache
Definition: Subjective evidence of disease felt by the patient Example: Cough
Define signs and symptoms. Give examples of each.
Definition: Subjective experience reported by the patient Example: Headache
Definition: Objective finding observed by the doctor Example: Fever
Definition: Subjective experience reported by the doctor Example: Rash
Definition: Objective finding reported by the patient Example: Nausea
Define biological and mechanical vectors. Give examples of each.
Definition: An organism that transmits pathogens and is essential to the pathogen's life cycle Example: Mosquito (for malaria)
Definition: An organism that transmits pathogens but is not essential to the pathogen's life cycle Example: Housefly (for cholera)
Definition: A non-living object that transmits pathogens Example: Door handle (for cold virus)
Definition: An organism that transmits pathogens and is always a mammal Example: Dog (for rabies)
Define biological and mechanical vectors. Give examples of each.
Definition: An organism that transmits pathogens but is not essential to the pathogen's life cycle Example: Housefly (for bacteria)
Definition: An organism that transmits pathogens and is essential to the pathogen's life cycle Example: Mosquito (for malaria)
Definition: A non-living object that transmits pathogens Example: Door handle (for viruses)
Definition: An organism that destroys pathogens Example: Ladybug (for aphids)
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Organism: Polio Virus Fill in the Transmission and Disease/Infection.
Transmission: Fecal-oral; Disease/Infection: Poliomyelitis
Transmission: Airborne; Disease/Infection: Tuberculosis
Transmission: Vector-borne; Disease/Infection: Malaria
Transmission: Sexual contact; Disease/Infection: Syphilis
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Organism: Bordetella pertussis Fill in the Transmission and Disease/Infection.
Transmission: Respiratory droplets; Disease/Infection: Whooping cough (Pertussis)
Transmission: Fecal-oral route; Disease/Infection: Typhoid fever
Transmission: Vector-borne (mosquito); Disease/Infection: Malaria
Transmission: Sexual contact; Disease/Infection: Syphilis
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Organism: Rabies virus Fill in the Transmission and Disease/Infection.
Transmission: Bite from infected animal; Disease/Infection: Rabies
Transmission: Airborne droplets; Disease/Infection: Influenza
Transmission: Contaminated water; Disease/Infection: Cholera
Transmission: Mosquito bite; Disease/Infection: Malaria
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Organism: (Malaria) Fill in the Organism and Transmission.
Organism: Plasmodium species; Transmission: Mosquito bite (Anopheles mosquito)
Organism: Trypanosoma brucei; Transmission: Tsetse fly bite
Organism: Leishmania donovani; Transmission: Sandfly bite
Organism: Giardia lamblia; Transmission: Contaminated water
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Organism: Salmonella Fill in the Transmission and Disease/Infection.
Transmission: Contaminated food or water; Disease/Infection: Salmonellosis (food poisoning)
Transmission: Airborne droplets; Disease/Infection: Tuberculosis
Transmission: Mosquito bite; Disease/Infection: Malaria
Transmission: Direct contact; Disease/Infection: Ringworm
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Organism: Herpes simplex virus Fill in the Transmission and Disease/Infection.
Transmission: Direct contact with infected body fluids; Disease/Infection: Herpes (oral/genital)
Transmission: Airborne droplets; Disease/Infection: Influenza
Transmission: Contaminated water; Disease/Infection: Cholera
Transmission: Vector-borne (mosquito); Disease/Infection: Malaria
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Fill in the Organism and Transmission.
Organism: Entamoeba histolytica; Transmission: Fecal-oral (contaminated water/food)
Organism: Plasmodium falciparum; Transmission: Mosquito bite (Anopheles)
Organism: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Transmission: Airborne droplets
Organism: Treponema pallidum; Transmission: Sexual contact
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Organism: Norovirus Fill in the Transmission and Disease/Infection.
Transmission: Fecal-oral, contaminated food/water; Disease/Infection: Viral gastroenteritis
Transmission: Airborne droplets; Disease/Infection: Tuberculosis
Transmission: Vector-borne (mosquito); Disease/Infection: Malaria
Transmission: Direct contact; Disease/Infection: Impetigo
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Organism: HIV virus Fill in the Transmission and Disease/Infection.
Transmission: Blood, sexual contact, mother to child; Disease/Infection: AIDS
Transmission: Airborne droplets; Disease/Infection: Tuberculosis
Transmission: Contaminated water; Disease/Infection: Cholera
Transmission: Mosquito bite; Disease/Infection: Malaria
Complete the Table. Discuss transmission type and infection that is associated with the microbe. Fill in the Organism and Transmission.
Organism: Enterobius vermicularis; Transmission: Fecal-oral (contaminated hands/objects)
Organism: Giardia lamblia; Transmission: Airborne droplets
Organism: Plasmodium falciparum; Transmission: Direct skin contact
Organism: Trichinella spiralis; Transmission: Sexual contact
Define the following terms. Give examples of each. Term: Endemic Fill in the Definition and Example.
Definition: A disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area; Example: Malaria in sub-Saharan Africa
Definition: A disease that spreads rapidly across countries; Example: Influenza pandemic
Definition: A disease that is only found in animals; Example: Rabies in dogs
Definition: A disease that occurs only once in a population; Example: Smallpox eradication
Define the following terms. Give examples of each. Term: Epidemic Fill in the Definition and Example.
Definition: A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected; Example: Ebola outbreak in West Africa (2014-2016)
Definition: A disease that is always present in a population; Example: Malaria in sub-Saharan Africa
Definition: A global outbreak of a disease; Example: COVID-19 pandemic
Definition: A disease that affects only animals; Example: Rabies in wild animals
Define the following terms. Give examples of each. Term: Pandemic Fill in the Definition and Example.
Definition: An epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people; Example: COVID-19 pandemic
Definition: A disease that only affects animals in a specific region; Example: Foot-and-mouth disease in cattle
Definition: A rare disease that affects only a small group of people in one city; Example: Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Philadelphia
Definition: A seasonal illness that occurs every year in one country; Example: Annual flu in the United States
Complete the table and describe how these types of lines of immune defenses. Give multiple examples. Term: 1st Line of Defense
Description: Physical and chemical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body (e.g., skin, mucous membranes, saliva, tears). Examples: Skin, mucous membranes, saliva, tears, stomach acid.
Description: Specialized white blood cells that attack and destroy pathogens inside the body. Examples: Macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells.
Description: Production of antibodies to target specific pathogens. Examples: B cells, T cells, antibodies.
Description: Inflammatory response and fever to help fight infection. Examples: Swelling, redness, heat, pain.
Complete the table and describe how these types of lines of immune defenses.
Description: Non-specific immune responses that target pathogens that have entered the body (e.g., inflammation, fever, phagocytosis). Examples: Inflammation, fever, phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins.
Description: Specific immune responses that only target viruses (e.g., antibody production against viruses). Examples: Antibody production, antiviral proteins.
Description: Physical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body (e.g., skin, mucous membranes). Examples: Skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid.
Description: Immune responses that only occur after vaccination (e.g., memory cell activation). Examples: Memory cell activation, vaccine-induced immunity.
Complete the table and describe how these types of lines of immune defenses.
Description: Specific immune responses involving lymphocytes and the production of antibodies against specific antigens. Examples: T cells, B cells, antibodies, memory cells.
Description: Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes that prevent entry of pathogens. Examples: skin, mucous, saliva.
Description: Non-specific immune responses including inflammation and phagocytosis. Examples: fever, phagocytes, natural killer cells.
Description: Chemical barriers such as stomach acid and enzymes in saliva that destroy pathogens. Examples: stomach acid, lysozyme.
Complete by providing for each type of immunity the types of immunizing agent used, the relative time until the immunity appears, the relative duration of the immunity, and the source of antibodies. Give an example of each scenario.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Antibodies Source of the Antibodies: Non-self (from another person, e.g., mother to baby through breast milk) Examples of scenario: Maternal antibodies passed to infant through placenta or breast milk.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Vaccines Source of the Antibodies: Self (produced by the individual's immune system) Examples of scenario: Immunization against measles through vaccination.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Pathogen Source of the Antibodies: Self (produced after natural infection) Examples of scenario: Recovery from chickenpox after infection.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Antitoxins Source of the Antibodies: Non-self (from animals, e.g., horses) Examples of scenario: Treatment of diphtheria with antitoxin serum.
Complete by providing for each type of immunity the types of immunizing agent used, the relative time until the immunity appears, the relative duration of the immunity, and the source of antibodies. Give an example of each scenario.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Antigens Source of the Antibodies: Self (body produces its own antibodies) Examples of scenario: Immunity developed after recovering from an infection like chickenpox.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Preformed antibodies Source of the Antibodies: External (injected from another source) Examples of scenario: Immunity developed after receiving antivenom for a snake bite.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Antibiotics Source of the Antibodies: Self (body produces its own antibodies) Examples of scenario: Immunity developed after taking antibiotics for a bacterial infection.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Vaccines containing toxins Source of the Antibodies: External (injected from another source) Examples of scenario: Immunity developed after receiving a tetanus toxoid vaccine.
Complete by providing for each type of immunity the types of immunizing agent used, the relative time until the immunity appears, the relative duration of the immunity, and the source of antibodies. Give an example of each scenario.
Type of Immunizing Agent: Antigens (vaccines) or antibodies (immunoglobulin injections) Source of the Antibodies: Self (active, after vaccination) or non-self (passive, after injection) Examples of scenario: Vaccination against measles (active), injection of antivenom (passive).
Type of Immunizing Agent: Only antigens (vaccines) Source of the Antibodies: Only self-produced antibodies Examples of scenario: Vaccination against measles (active), injection of insulin (passive).
Type of Immunizing Agent: Only antibodies (immunoglobulin injections) Source of the Antibodies: Only non-self antibodies Examples of scenario: Injection of antivenom (passive), vaccination against measles (active).
Type of Immunizing Agent: Antigens (vaccines) or antibodies (immunoglobulin injections) Source of the Antibodies: Only self (active, after vaccination) Examples of scenario: Vaccination against measles (active), injection of antibiotics (passive).
Fill in the blanks for the following table: passive immunity. Provide the description and an example.
Description: Immunity acquired by the transfer of antibodies from another individual. Example: Maternal antibodies passed to a baby through breast milk.
Description: Immunity developed after exposure to a pathogen. Example: Vaccination against measles.
Description: Immunity acquired through genetic inheritance. Example: Blood type compatibility.
Description: Immunity developed by the body after recovering from an illness. Example: Immunity after chickenpox infection.
Fill in the blanks for the following table: artificially acquired active immunity. Provide the description and an example.
Description: Immunity produced by exposure to antigens through vaccination. Example: Immunity developed after receiving the measles vaccine.
Description: Immunity produced by direct transfer of antibodies from another person. Example: Immunity developed after receiving antivenom.
Description: Immunity produced by exposure to antigens through natural infection. Example: Immunity developed after recovering from chickenpox.
Description: Immunity produced by genetic inheritance. Example: Immunity present from birth.
Complete the table and describe how these types of lines of immunoglobulins. Give examples of each. Term: IgM. Provide the description and an example.
Description: First antibody produced in response to infection; effective in forming antigen-antibody complexes. Example: IgM antibodies in response to a new bacterial infection.
Description: Most abundant antibody in blood; provides long-term protection. Example: IgG antibodies after vaccination.
Description: Involved in allergic reactions; binds to allergens and triggers histamine release. Example: IgE antibodies in hay fever.
Description: Found in secretions like saliva and tears; protects mucosal surfaces. Example: IgA antibodies in breast milk.
Complete the table and describe how these types of lines of immunoglobulins. Give examples of each. Term: IgA.
Description: Found in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk; protects body surfaces. Example: IgA in breast milk providing immunity to infants.
Description: Found only in blood plasma; involved in allergic reactions. Example: IgA triggers histamine release.
Description: Present in bone marrow; responsible for antibody production. Example: IgA stimulates B cell growth.
Description: Located in lymph nodes; helps in cell-mediated immunity. Example: IgA activates T cells.
Complete the table and describe how these types of lines of immunoglobulins. Give examples of each. Term: IgD. Provide the description and an example.
Description: Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. Example: IgD on the surface of B cells.
Description: Main antibody in secondary immune response. Example: IgG in blood plasma.
Description: First antibody produced in response to infection. Example: IgM in early immune response.
Description: Protects mucosal surfaces. Example: IgA in saliva and tears.
Complete the table and describe how these types of lines of immunoglobulins. Give examples of each. Term: IgE. Provide the description and an example.
Description: Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections. Example: IgE levels increase in response to allergies.
Description: Main antibody in secondary immune response. Example: IgG provides long-term immunity.
Description: First antibody produced in response to infection. Example: IgM is elevated in early stages of infection.
Description: Found in secretions like saliva and tears. Example: IgA protects mucosal surfaces.
Complete the table and describe how these types of lines of immunoglobulins. Give examples of each. Term: IgG. Provide the description and an example.
Description: Most abundant antibody in blood and extracellular fluid; provides long-term protection. Example: IgG antibodies after recovery from infection or vaccination.
Description: Least abundant antibody; mainly found in saliva. Example: IgG antibodies in tears.
Description: Only found in the digestive tract; provides short-term protection. Example: IgG antibodies in the stomach.
Description: Found only in the skin; provides no protection. Example: IgG antibodies in hair follicles.
Fill in the blanks for the following table: Meningitis. Provide the disease characteristics, causative agents, and signs and symptoms.
Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Causative Agents: Bacteria (e.g., Neisseria meningitidis), viruses, fungi. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, confusion.
Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the lungs. Causative Agents: Viruses only. Signs and Symptoms: Cough, chest pain, shortness of breath.
Disease Characteristics: Degeneration of nerve cells. Causative Agents: Genetic mutations. Signs and Symptoms: Muscle weakness, loss of coordination.
Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the heart valves. Causative Agents: Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus), fungi. Signs and Symptoms: Chest pain, irregular heartbeat, fatigue.
Fill in the blanks for the following table: Encephalitis. Provide the disease characteristics, causative agents, and signs and symptoms.
Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the brain. Causative Agents: Viruses (e.g., herpes simplex virus), bacteria, other pathogens. Signs and Symptoms: Fever, headache, confusion, seizures, weakness.
Disease Characteristics: Inflammation of the lungs. Causative Agents: Fungi, protozoa. Signs and Symptoms: Cough, chest pain, shortness of breath.
Disease Characteristics: Degeneration of nerve cells. Causative Agents: Genetic mutations. Signs and Symptoms: Memory loss, tremors, difficulty speaking.
Disease Characteristics: Swelling of joints. Causative Agents: Autoimmune response. Signs and Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness, redness.
Fill in the blank: Conjunctivitis is a condition that affects the ________.
eye
ear
nose
throat
Fill in the blank: Keratitis is an inflammation of the ________.
cornea
retina
sclera
iris
Fill in the blank: Endocarditis is an infection of the ________.
inner lining of the heart (endocardium)
outer layer of the heart (epicardium)
heart valves
heart muscle (myocardium)
Fill in the blank: Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections (CRBIs) are infections associated with ________.
the use of intravenous catheters
the use of surgical masks
the use of oral antibiotics
the use of oxygen therapy
Fill in the blank: Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the ________.
skin and subcutaneous tissues
muscles
bones
blood vessels
Fill in the blank: Erysipelas is a superficial bacterial infection of the ________.
upper dermis and superficial lymphatics
subcutaneous fat
epidermis only
muscle tissue
Fill in the blank: Necrotizing Fasciitis is a severe infection that destroys ________.
muscles, skin, and underlying tissue
bones and cartilage
nerves and blood vessels
hair follicles and sweat glands
Fill in the blank: Appendicitis is the inflammation of the ________.
appendix
liver
pancreas
gallbladder
Fill in the blank: Acute cholecystitis is the inflammation of the ________.
gallbladder
pancreas
liver
appendix
Fill in the blank: Herpes simplex 1 or 2 is caused by ________.
herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2
human immunodeficiency virus
hepatitis B virus
varicella-zoster virus
Which of the following is a risk factor for endocarditis?
Intravenous drug use
Regular exercise
Low cholesterol
Vegetarian diet
Conjunctivitis caused by which pathogen can progress rapidly and cause blindness if left untreated?
Staphylococcus aureus
Chlamydia trachomatis
Herpes simplex virus
Candida albicans
The diagnosis for meningitis and encephalitis is:
Lumbar puncture and CSF analysis
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Chest X-ray
Urinalysis
The most common cause of hospital associated colitis is:
Clostridioides difficile
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Salmonella enterica
Transmission rates are high for many sexually transmitted infections because:
they are often spread through intimate contact, which increases the likelihood of transmission.
they can only be transmitted through casual contact.
they are not affected by personal hygiene.
they are mostly airborne diseases.
