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WorksheetsAPHY 102 Final Exam Review
Total questions: 85
Worksheet time: 43mins
In order for a hormone to effect it's target cell that cell must....
produce it's own hormone.
must have receptors for that hormone.
must be accessible through the blood.
secrete hormones it receives.
Which hormone triggers the adrenal glands to produce hormones?
Prolactin-inhibiting factor
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
What hormone opposes glucagon's effect?
prolactin
melatonin
insulin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Normally an increase in thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes a/an...
increase in the production of growth hormone.
increase in the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
decrease in the production of triiodothyronine (T3).
decrease in the production of thyroxine (T4).
If a child is lacking or deficient in _______________________ they will experience a failure of bone and muscle enlargement.
luteinizing hormone
melatonin
aldosterone
growth hormone
Which statement about hormones is correct?
Oxytocin is secreted by the ovaries.
Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex.
Glucagon is secreted by the thyroid gland.
Growth hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
This condition leads to the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Cold temperatures
Low basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Consider the following pathway concerning secretion of hormones: hormone A stimulates the release of hormone B. Then hormonr B stimulates the release of hormones C. Hormones C inhibit the release of both hormone A and hormone B. Hormones C action is an example of _____.
negative feedback
endocrine resistance
translation
neural communication
Formation of a platelet plug is caused by these cell fragments.
basophils
neutrophils
erythrocytes
thrombocytes (platelets)
This protein, found in erythrocytes, binds and helps deliver oxygen.
beta globulin
hemoglobin
hemostasis
albumin
What is considered normal blood pH
7.1
7.4
7.5
7.85
All formed elements come from this cell.
erythroblast
reticulocyte
hematopoietic stem cell
lymphoid stem cell
What are lymphocytes major function?
phagocytize damaged cells.
produce enzymes that dissolve blood clots.
release substances that initiate blood clots.
act against foreign substances.
In healthy people, this leukocyte ( a small phagocytic granulocyte with a lobed nucleus) is most numerous.
basophils
neutrophils
erythrocytes
eosinophils
What are carbohydrate groups that determine blood types known as?
tissue factors
antibodies
antigens
agglutinins
When a wrong blood type is received it causes antibodies to bind to the foreign antigens and clump. This is called:
agglutination
coagulation
granulation
activation
Persons with Type O blood exhibit these types of antibodies.
Anti-A & Anti B antibodies.
Only Anti-A antibodies.
Only Anti-B antibodies.
Only Anti-O antibodies.
After oxygen poor blood moves from the heart to the lungs oxygenated blood re-enters this heart chamber?
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
From the inside moving outward in an artery the first layer is the __________________________.
tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa
smooth muscle
These vessels that provide, that provide blood to the heart, are the first two branches of the aorta.
coronary arteries
pulmonary trunk
chordae tendineae
inferior vena cava
Which statements about veins is TRUE?
Their walls are thinner than arteries.
Their lumens are smaller than arteries.
They are more elastic than arteries.
They have more smooth muscle than arteries.
These vessels typically carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
veins
capillaries
venules
The name for the muscular layer of the heart?
myocardium
endocardium
pericardium
epicardium
Pulmonary blood flow involves the:
lungs
liver
brain
kidneys
Valve found between the right ventricle and the right atrium?
tricuspid valve
mitral valve
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
These muscles in the ventricles anchor atrioventricular valves by contracting and pulling chordae tendinae tight.
papillary muscles
ligamentum arteriosum
semilunar valves
trabelculae carneae
The force that blood exerts outwardly on the walls of blood vessels.
blood pressure.
cardiac output.
resistance.
blood flow.
Vasoconstriction is defined as...
a blood vessel becoming smaller in diameter.
blood becoming thicker or more viscous.
peripheral resistance becoming low.
cardiac output increasing.
Where is the blood in the inferior vena cava going?
right atrium
lungs
left atrium
right ventricle
In a healthy heart the pacemaker for the entire heart is the ______________.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Purkinje fiber system
What does the red pulp of the spleen do?
filter pathogens out of the blood.
filter pathogens out of the lymph.
house leukocytes and dendritic cells.
house macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes
Activated B cells can become plasma cells, that produce and secrete large globular proteins called ______ or immunoglobulins.
antibodies
natural killer (NK) cells
interferons
complement
Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense?
antibody
oil
keratin
mucus
The upper limbs deliver lymph to which trunks?
subclavian trunks
lumbar trunks
jugular trunks
bronchomediastinal trunks
Juanita's mosquito bite is red, warm and swollen this indicates:
an inflammatory response.
interleukins.
interferons.
tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
Vaccinations are exposure to an antigen and cause:
a primary immune response.
passive immunity.
a severe allergic reaction.
a secondary immune response.
Where is T cells formation completed?
thymus
spleen
red bone marrow
lymph nodes
Pictured is a lymphatic structure that has germinal centers, nodules, and afferent and efferent vessels. It is a/an ________________.
lymph node
tonsil
thymus
spleen
These cells help regulate the immune response:
Helper T cells.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
CD8 cells.
Cytotoxic T cells.
Angus experienced an ulcer affecting the innermost epithelium of his stomach towards the lumen. The _________________ is ulcerated?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa
These relatively thin and blade-shaped teeth used for biting and located in the anterior of the mouth are _______________.
incisors
molars
vestibular
uvular
This enzyme catalyzes the reaction that initiates carbohydrate digestion?
salivary amylase
pepsin
trypsin
pancreatic amylase
This controls the passage of chyme from the last region of the stomach to the first region of the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
Ileocecal valve
Upper esophageal sphincter
Gastroesophageal sphincter
As a child Gemma had the mumps and experienced swelling of the salivary glands located in the cheeks, just in front of her ears. Which salivary glands are these?
Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands
Pharyngeal tonsils
Where is chyme mixed with pancreatic juice and bile?
duodenum
ileum
fundus
cecum
What is the roll of the pharynx in the digestive system?
Propulsion
Segmentation
Mechanical digestion
Absorption
What is the digestive function of the bile stored in the gallbladder?
emulsifies fats into smaller droplets.
enzymatically break starch into disaccharides
increases the volume of the stomach.
carries many enzymes to the large intestine.
Digested material moves from the ileum to this portion of the alimentary canal:
cecum
esophagus
pharynx
rectum
Pancreatic acinar cells release:
pancreatic juice
glucagon
cholecystokinin
insulin
This digestive enzyme will help breakdown proteins?
Pepsin in the stomach.
Salivary amylase.
Nucleases in the small intestine.
Pancreatic lipase.
In which layer is connective tissue in the wall of the alimentary canal that contains several glands, lacteals, and blood vessels located?
submucosa
mucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
The lowermost (inferior) section of the pharynx is the ______.
laryngopharynx
oropharynx
nasopharynx
parotid pharynx
Rings of muscle in the wall of the alimentary canal are called _______. They regulate the progress of materials. Examples include pyloric, ileocecal, and anal.
sphincters
gastric folds
mesentary
rugae
The fundus, pylorus, and cardia are all parts of this organ.
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
liver
The first section of the colon.
ascending colon
cecum
sigmoid colon
ileum
Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth provides this advantage.
The nose warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air.
The nose provides a more direct route over which air will travel.
The nose provides a site for initial gas exchange.
The nose is a less turbulent environment than the mouth.
The order of inhaled air through the nose from superior to inferior?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx
Laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx
Nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx
This type of epithelium forms the alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The contraction of the diaphragm muscle causes inferior movement which allows:
inhalation to occur as the thoracic cavity becomes larger.
the epiglottis to move away from the top of the trachea.
type I alveolar cells to become activated.
the lobes of the lungs to decrease in size as air is expelled.
Air forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration is known as the:
expiratory reserve volume.
tidal volume.
inspiratory reserve volume.
vital capacity.
When the pressure inside the lungs is __________________ air moves out of the lungs.
greater than atmospheric pressure.
less than atmospheric pressure
equal to atmospheric pressure
less than intrapleural pressure.
This determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
partial pressure gradient
gas solubility in water
temperature
molecular weight of the gas molecule
Oxygen will diffuse out of the lungs and enter the blood when the :
partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the lungs than in the blood.
partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the lungs than in the blood.
partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the lungs than in the blood.
partial pressure of carbon dioxide is lower in the lungs than in the blood.
An overwhelming majority of oxygen in the blood is transported...
by attaching to hemoglobin in erythrocytes.
by attaching to magnesium ion in leukocytes.
by dissolving into the plasma.
by macrophages.
Which of the following factors allows quiet expiration?
Recoil of elastic tissue in the lungs.
Decrease in intrapulmonary pressure.
Increase in lung volume.
Contraction of expiratory muscles.
Fissures divide the lungs into parts that are called _____. Three in the right two in the left.
lobes
conchae
pleura
vestibular folds
On the medial surface in each lung this triangular depression allows the entry of blood vessels and the primary bronchi:
hilum.
apex.
base.
lobule.
This is how the majority of CO2 is transported.
as part of a bicarbonate ion
attached to hemoglobin
dissolved in the plasma
carried by macrophages
This flap of elastic cartilage prevents food and liquids from entering the larynx when swallowing?
epiglottis
glottis
arytenoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
Which is NOT a kidney function?
Hematopoiesis.
Regulation of acid-base balance.
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
Removal of metabolic wastes.
Tube that moves urine using peristalsis to the outside of the body from the urinary bladder is the _____.
urethra
ureter
collecting duct
nephron loop
This capillary bed is fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole.
glomerulus
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
macula densa cells
The smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder is known as the _______.
detrusor muscle
trigone
nephron loop
peritubular muscle
Glomerular filtration rate is:
the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.
the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane.
the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during a 24-hour period.
the rate at which the kidneys removed a substance from the blood.
In a nephron, if a substance is present in initial filtrate, but absent in the urine. That substance was:
reabsorbed.
not secreted because hydrostatic pressure inside the glomerulus was too high.
secreted into the lumen of the tubule.
retained do to the absence of the peritubular capillaries.
This hormone promotes water reabsorption?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
When does the reduction in the number of chromosomes to half the normal count occur?
meiosis
mitosis
fertilization
crossing over
By this time of development all oogonia are formed in females? (choose answer closest to the life stage)
Before birth
During infancy
At puberty
During adulthood
What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do in the male?
LH stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone.
LH stimulates the secretion of interstitial-cell stimulating hormone (ICSH).
LH stimulates the secretion of inhibin.
LH stimulates the sustentacular cells of the testes to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP.
Sperm travel from the epididymis immediately to the:
ductus (vas) deferens
urethra
seminiferous tubules
ejaculatory duct
What feature allows sperm to propel itself forward?
flagellum
in the nucleus in the head
in the midpiece
in the microtubules
Muscles in the wall of the male ______ provide temperature regulation during spermatogenesis.
scrotum
ductus (vas) deferens
ejaculatory duct
seminal glands
This portion of the uterus is composed of smooth muscle. During childbirth it contracts rhythmically:
myometrium
perimetrium.
endometrium.
uterometrium.
This structure receives the embryo and sustains it throughout development until birth:
uterus
vagina
ovary
uterine (fallopian) tubes
Ovulation is triggered by positive feedback which resultins in a surge of this hormone:
luteinizing hormone.
inhibin.
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
progesterone.
