The life cycle of a frog is illustrated in the diagram.

Which statement best explains how the cell cycle is important to the life cycle of the frog?

Students created note cards comparing characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Which set of note cards most accurately compares these cells?

Which statement describes the process of osmosis in an animal cell?

Environmental factors typically activate genes in a cell by causing the cell to —

Materials are provided to students to build models of a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell, and a virus. The materials and the structures they represent are listed in the table shown.

Which material will students use in all three models?

Which table correctly identifies how the plasma membrane contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis?

The diagram shows the major stages of the cell cycle and the percentage of time spent in each phase.

Which statement best describes why a cell spends the majority of its time in interphase?

A diagram of an HIV infection is shown.

Which conclusion about the HIV infection of a host cell is best supported by the diagram?

An illness caused by a certain virus includes fever, rash, joint pain, red eyes, and headache. The virus is transmitted to people by infected mosquitoes. Symptoms quickly occur within three to twelve days after contracting the virus. There is no vaccine for this virus.

Which description best explains the reproductive cycle of this virus?

When the skin comes in contact with an irritant, receptors in the skin send signals to the spinal cord. The signal is then sent to the brain for processing, and the individual begins to scratch the affected area. Which two systems are most likely interacting when a person experiences itching caused by a skin irritant?

Which graphic organizer best compares the energy inputs and outputs of cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Which statements best compare the function of an ATP molecule to a DNA molecule?

For an enzyme to be able to catalyze a reaction, the active site must —

A flower that has both male and female reproductive structures is shown.

Which statement best describes an interaction that will allow a flowering plant to reproduce by self-pollination?An anther is transferred from a filament to another filament within the same flower.

Breaking down food for nutrients involves many body systems. A student made a partial list of the processes that occur.

Which body systems interact most directly in the three listed processes?

A student makes a Venn diagram to compare the functions of carbohydrates and lipids

Which cellular function of carbohydrates and lipids should be placed in the shared section of the Venn diagram?

Students construct a graphic organizer to illustrate the different levels of biological organization.

Which term does the letter X represent in the graphic organizer?

Students set up a controlled experiment by growing the same type of seedlings in two different locations. After a period of time, the students observed the seedlings and recorded their observations in the table shown

What caused the shoots of the seedlings on the windowsill to bend toward the window?

The hormone adrenaline causes blood vessels to contract and send more blood to major muscles.

Farmers spray pesticides on their plants to protect the plants from being eaten by insects. Some individual insects have a genetic mutation that makes them resistant to the toxins in the pesticides.

Which statement best describes how only a few resistant individuals resulted in the pesticide becoming ineffective?

A cladogram of five species is shown.

Based on the cladogram, the ancestral species most likely had —

The Mexican long-nosed bat roosts in Big Bend National Park in West Texas. The bat feeds on nectar and pollen and hovers while it feeds. Additionally, its tongue can extend up to eight centimeters. The features of Mexican long-nosed bats are evidence of natural selection because the features are adaptations that —

A researcher determines an organism to be eukaryotic, unicellular, and autotrophic. In which taxonomic group should this organism be classified?

When multiple transitional fossils are found in many rock layers, they provide evidence of —

Students examine images of a certain species of bat commonly found in Texas. Using the bat dichotomous key, they conclude that the bat species is a Mexican free-tailed bat due to its large, round ears.

Based on the dichotomous key, in addition to the shape of the bat’s ears, which other set of features should the students look for to confirm the identity of the bat?

The taxonomic classifications of four species of amphibians are shown.

Based on the information provided, which two species are most closely related?

The giant octopus lays 20,000 to 100,000 fertilized eggs. After hatching, most octopuses become prey to larger marine organisms, and less than 5% will reach adulthood to reproduce. One benefit of the giant octopus laying many eggs is to —

Researchers analyzed a mitochondrial gene of different bat species to determine relatedness. A cladogram of their results is shown.

Based on the cladogram, which set of bat species is the least related?

Two scientists want to compare their research of fireflies. Which information must the two scientists provide to each other to determine if they studied the same type of fireflies?

The four butterflies in the illustration represent the offspring in the F₁ generation. Which statement is best supported by the phenotypes of these offspring?

The 1918 influenza epidemic killed between 50 million and 100 million people worldwide. THis epidemic happened near the end of World War I. More people died from the influenza epidemic than were killed in the war. Which of the following explains why this virus was so deadly worldwide?

The amount of energy the producers in this energy pyramid provide the primary consumer is 54,000 joules. From this amount, 540 joules are provided to the tertiary consumers. Based on this model, how much of the energy was provided to secondary consumers?

The survival of a species depends on its ability to adapt to changes in the environment. A species must be capable of surviving and reproducing despite changes to food sources, climate, or threats from predators. Which statement correctly describes a way that mutations increase the likelihood that a species will survive in a changing environment?

The diagram represents one way an enzyme can be inhibited. Which statement explains the effect of an inhibitor on an enzyme?

Four different nucleotides are used as building blocks of DNA. Which of the following can be used to distinguish one nucleotide from another?

The green frog (Lithobates clamitans clamitans) is found in many parts of the United States. The table contains some information about this frog. Why does the ability to lay 1,000 to 5,000 eggs increase the fitness of the species L. clamitans clamitans?

Food webs such as the one shown were first used in 1927 by the animal ecologist Charles Elton. The food web below represents the feeding relationships among organisms in an Alaskan ecosystem. An environmental change that removed which of these organisms from the ecosystem would cause the most instability in the ecosystem?

During the final stages of human gestation, receptors for the hormone oxytocin increase on the smooth muscle cells of the uterus. The release of oxytocin during labor stimulates the smooth muscle tissue in the wall of the uterus. The vigorous contraction of the uterine smooth muscle helps push the baby through the birth canal so that delivery can occur. This process involves the interaction of which organ systems?

In the early 1900s a scientist hypothesized a link between DNA and the production of protein in the cytoplasm. However, the fact that DNA could not be found outside the nucleus led scientists to believe that another substance was also involved in the synthesis of protein in the cytoplasm. In the 1940s scientists performed an experiment that ultimately identified the site of protein synthesis. They also identified the molecule responsible for transporting information from the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis. What was the newly identified molecule?

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. This exchange of genetic material

As a fertilized egg divides, the cells differentiate because they

The photograph shows monarch butterflies landing on plants where there are thousands of other monarch butterflies. These butterflies feed on milkweed plants as they travel south for the winter, covering distances of 5,000 km or more each year. However, the population of these butterflies has been steadily declining over the last 20 years. What is the most likely reason the population of these butterflies has been declining?

Bactrian camels, dromedaries, llamas, and alpacas are all members of the same taxonomic family, Camelidae. Members of this family all have two toes, no hooves, true canine teeth, and a split upper lip. The family Camelidae originated in North America. The physical features of animals in this family and the family’s geographical origin provide evidence that all these animals

Which statement best describes the relationship between the products of photosynthesis and the reactants in cellular respiration?

Health professionals sometimes recommend nutritional supplements that contain a variety of species of bacteria to promote good digestive health. The product label for one of these supplements is shown. Why does this type of bacteria-filled supplement benefit human health instead of causing illness?

The initial steps in gene expression are modeled. Double-stranded DNA first unwinds into two strands. Which process and product are represented in the diagrams?

During ecological succession, how does the growth of young hardwoods affect the organisms living in an ecosystem?

Human bone, muscle, and nerve cells all contain the same number of chromosomes with the same complement of genes. What enables these cells to perform specialized activities?

Some relationships between different organisms are shown in the table. Which table correctly identifies each type of interaction described?

A sequence of a DNA template strand is shown.

3' TAC AAT GGC TTA TTT ATC 5'

Which of these is the correct amino acid chain produced from the DNA template strand?

The Himalayan rabbit’s habitat has cold, snowy winters and mild summers. The body is typically covered in white fur except for the nose, feet, tail, and ears, which are covered in black fur.

A scientist shaved an area of white fur on the back of a Himalayan rabbit and placed an ice pack over the shaved area. The shaved area grew black fur. Which of these best explains why the hair that grew back where the ice pack was placed was black and not white?

Enzymes are proteins that have two primary functions. Which answer below has the correct paring of functions?

Which of the following changes will denature an enzyme from optimal conditions?

This organelle is responsible for organizing the microtubials during cell division.

Which of the following are in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Select all that apply.

What is letter A pointing at?

What is letter D pointing at?

At the cellular level, what causes a tumor?

What does the process of mitosis create?

Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?

If a parent cell has 24 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each somatic (body cell) have?

Using the sequence below, write each complementary base pair. ATC GCA TTA CAC CCA AAG

What does A represent? What does B represent?

What does arrow 1 represent?

What elements are in DNA?

Differences in traits between individuals are determined by...

Lipids and Carbohydrates are similar in that they both ...

Which of the following are true? Select all that apply.

An individual who participates in a long-distance run on a hot day will produce large quantities of sweat. As a result of the excessive sweating, the amount of urine produced by the kidneys will change. How will the kidneys respond to help the individual’s body maintain homeostasis?

Saprophytes are fungi that feed on dead and decomposing organisms. They secrete enzymes that digest components of cell walls, such as cellulose and lignin.

The relationships among different orders of millipedes are shown in the cladogram. Based on this cladogram, which statement best describes relationships among millipede orders?

Which of the following best describes these biomolecules?

A partial meadow food web is shown.

Based on this food web, which organisms are direct sources of energy for secondary consumers?

The diagrams show some of the levels of biological organization.

In what order are the levels in the diagrams?

A student used a microscope to study four members of the phylum Ciliophora. Members of this phylum move when propelled by hundreds of tiny cilia.

Although these organisms belong to the same phylum, they are classified as different —

A model of a DNA molecule is shown. The arrow indicates-

A remora is a fish that has an adhesive disk on the back of its head that it uses to attach itself to a large shark. When food floats away from the shark’s mouth as it feeds, the remora collects the scraps. Drawings of a shark with a remora attached and a remora’s adhesive disk are shown.

The relationship between the remora and the shark is an example of —

Invasive plant species affect the interactions of living and nonliving components of an ecosystem, so the removal of invasive plants is often necessary. The goal of most plant-control methods is to disrupt or inhibit the function of different plant systems. For example, insects can be used to chew through roots in order to reduce a plant’s ability to absorb water. Which of these functions would be most immediately affected by a reduction in water uptake by roots?

Albinism is an autosomal recessive condition. What shows the genotype probability when an albino female mates with a male that is heterozygous for the albinism trait?

Which of these is not a function of the integumentary system?

Peristalsis the involuntary movement of food through parts of the body. Which two systems below are working together to make this happen?

This diagram demonstrates why the ocean is a large carbon sink.

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can cause atmospheric temperatures to increase. Which statement explains how this could affect the ocean as a carbon sink?

The diagram demonstrates a feedback process involving antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH increases the permeability of parts of the nephrons of the kidney, resulting in less water in the urine.

This feedback loop is likely to be activated when —

A researcher determines an organism to be eukaryotic, unicellular, and autotrophic. In which taxonomic group should this organism be classified?

When multiple transitional fossils are found in many rock layers, they provide evidence of —

Students examine images of a certain species of bat commonly found in Texas. Using the bat dichotomous key, they conclude that the bat species is a Mexican free-tailed bat due to its large, round ears.

Based on the dichotomous key, in addition to the shape of the bat’s ears, which other set of features should the students look for to confirm the identity of the bat?

When a new mutation occurs in a somatic cell of a sexually reproducing organism, what percentage of the individual’s offspring are likely to inherit the mutation?

Plant hormones serve as chemical messengers between cells and tissues. Auxin is a plant hormone that causes the cells on the shady side of a plant shoot to elongate. The response enabled by auxin is known as —

What are the tropisms identified by #1 and #2?