Worksheets(AP) USH 10 S1 Final (22-23)
Total questions: 117
Worksheet time: 1hrs 7mins
The ancestors of Native Americans
arrived in the New World (North and South America) by chance, following the animals they hunted across the land bridge that once connected what is now Siberia to what is now Alaska.
made planned expeditions on canoes from Asia to the West Coasts of North and South America.
swam from island to island across the much shallower Pacific Ocean as a result of famines and plagues that killed much of their populations in Asia.
utilized the blueprints left to them by interstellar visitors to Earth to build flying craft to take them to North and South America.
Native Americans in North and South America differed in that
Southern tribes intermarried with escaped African slaves and cooperated with them to overthrow the European colonists then attack the peaceful, nomadic Northern tribes.
Northern tribes maintained a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, following large herds of grazing animals, while Southern tribes built civilizations and domesticated edible plants and grazing animals.
Northern tribes welcomed European settlers with open arms, learned their technology and used it to conquer the Southern tribes, who maintained a peaceful agricultural and hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
Northern tribes developed a polytheistic religion with deities who demanded human sacrifices and constant warfare, whereas the Southern tribes stuck to their animistic religion, worshipping natural signs like the sun, animals, and plants.
The first non-Native American people to see the New World were the
Spaniards, under Christopher Columbus, who claimed large portions of North and South America for Queen Isabella and King Philip of Spain.
English, under Captain James Cook, who discovered uncharted islands in the Pacific.
Vikings, who settled in Newfoundland, Greenland and Iceland, but eventually returned to Scandinavia.
Chinese, under the leadership of Admiral Zheng He, who led worldwide expeditions to Western Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
Africans, under the Zulu tribe, whose warlike, adventurous spirit led them across the Atlantic Ocean.
The Aztec, Incan, Mayan, and Olmec cultures of South America were on par with WOTF cultures?
18th Century Great Britain because each society was an industrial powerhouse that produced an assortment of products in factories from raw materials grown in their far away colonies.
19th-21st Century United States because each society was a democratic society with a republican form of government in which all of their citizens, even their minorities, could vote for their leaders.
None of the choices.
The Classical Greeks because each society had a trade network, a sophisticated polytheistic religion, an alphabet, and an appreciation for the arts.
What led to the drastic reduction in the Native American population in North and South America?
Diseases that were brought to the New World by both European conquistadors and African slaves for which the Native Americans had no immunity against.
The superior fighting tactics and firearm technology employed by English, French, and Spanish invaders.
The rapid exportation of food like corn and other grains and raw materials like cotton and sugar from the New World, which caused great famines among the native tribes.
The overhunting, fishing, and trapping done by greedy European explorers, which left few options for food for the natives.
WOTF figures represents the massive loss of Native American lives as a result of European contact?
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Which European nation was the first to colonize the New World?
Russia
France
Portugal
Great Britain
Spain
In 1492, claimed The Caribbean region for Spain and was credited with discovering the New World even though the Vikings settled in Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland nearly 3 centuries before.
In the early 1500s, the Italian-born merchant and explorer who was credited for mapping the coasts of North and South America. Much of his work was considered forgery, however, later explorers from Germany who safely navigated around the coasts of the two continents based on the notes and maps this explorer left behind, proved otherwise. To honor his memory, the two continents bear his name.
In 1513, he discovered the Pacific Ocean by way of what is now the country of Panama.
In 1519, he was a conquistador who overthrew the Aztec emperor Montezuma and claimed the country that is now Mexico.
English explorer and military leader who founded the Virginia colony of Jamestown.
Christopher Columbus
John Winthrop
Henry Hudson
Francis Drake
John Smith
History textbooks draw a line between the two English religious groups known as the Pilgrims and the Puritans respectively. 3 ways to distinguish them are 1) where on the New England coast they founded their colonies 2) their religious ideals and 3) the names of their leaders. The leader of the Pilgrims was
Francis Drake
John Smith
John Winthrop
William Bradford
Christopher Columbus
The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years War (French and Indian War). France surrenders all of its North American possessions east of the Mississippi to Britain. This ends a source of insecurity for the British colonists along the Atlantic Coast. The costs of the war and maintaining an army will lead the British government to impose new taxes on its colonists, with world-shaking results.
February 10, 1763
March 22, 1765
October 1768
Spring 1772
Britain passes the Stamp Act, imposing a tax on legal documents, newspapers, even playing cards. This is the first direct tax on the American colonists and is hotly resisted. A successful American campaign to have the act repealed will give Americans confidence that they can avoid future taxes as well.
March to June, 1774
Spring 1772
October 1768
March 22, 1765
The term historians use to describe the period that occurred between the American Revolution and Constitution Eras and the American Civil War. ________
Great Depression
Roaring Twenties
Antebellum Period
Reconstruction Era
Which of the following choices DOES NOT describe the impact or a fact that relates to the Louisiana Purchase?
The Louisiana Territory was worth $0.04 per acre or $15 million.
The Lewis and Clark expedition spread awareness about the value of the Louisiana Purchase.
The Louisiana Purchase indirectly caused the American Civil War after the fact U.S. Government had to ratify legislation, such as the Missouri Compromise, which stated that for every Free or Slave State that applied for Statehood a State of the opposite philosophy also had to be admitted to the Union simultaneously.
Native American tribes who occupied the territory welcomed white American settlers with open arms because of the influence of Sacajawea.
Matching: Correctly place in order the Presidential Line of Succession in the event something happens to the POTUS. (NOTE: This Quizizz Question only features the Middle 5 positions. Your real test question will feature the Top 19 Positions from 1-19).
Speaker of the House
3
President Pro Tempore of the Senate
4
Secretary of State
5
Secretary of the Treasury
6
Secretary of Defense
7
Match each Cabinet Department to their respective responsibilities and roles.
(Like with the "Line of Succession to the President" matching practice question, Quizizz only allows for 5 matching terms to be included in this question. There are approximately 17 Departments in our Cabinet (Executive Branch) if you remove the Office of the President from the list.).
Department of Defense
Oversees the operations of all military branches except for the U.S. Coast Guard.
Department of the Interior
Overseeing the upkeep of our national parks and conserves endangered species.
Department of Labor
Makes sure that the work environment standards are up-to-date; enforces hiring, firing and retiring.
Department of Veterans' Affairs
Ensures that active and retired military members receive their benefits.
Department of Homeland Security
Includes the USCG and TSA. Started in 2003 to seek out domestic terrorists.
The belief that the interests of the nation as a whole are more important than interests of a region or of other countries is called
patriotism.
sectionalism.
nationalism.
democratization.
Industrialism.
Which of the following were key differences between the North and the South prior to the Civil War?
The North was more industrialized, urbanized, and nationalist than the South.
The South mechanized its cash crop production to lower prices on cotton, indigo, rice, and tobacco.
While slavery was legal in both the North and the South, the Southern economy depended on slavery whereas the North did not.
The South was more urban, industrial, and nationalist than the North.
The idea that western expansion was America’s God-given right is called
Existentialism
Mormonism
Manifest Destiny
Monroe Doctrine
Enlightenment
Why was the Indian Removal Act passed?
To acquire lands in the Northeast.
To acquire Southeastern land.
To inflict pain on Native American groups.
To move North American Native Americans to South America.
John Brown was a _________________ abolitionist who believed slavery should be ended by force rather than through the federal court system.
immediate emancipationist
immediate emancipationist
militant
gradual emancipationist
What led to the Missouri Compromise?
The need to add Maine as a Slave State.
To maintain balance in the Senate.
The fact that slavery was illegal in Missouri made it a model for other frontier territories that intended to become States.
The need to add Missouri as a Free State.
The addition of this territory nearly doubled the size of the United States and cost the United States as little as 42 cents per acre.
Gadsden Purchase
Florida
Texas
Louisiana Purchase
Which of the following is an example of nationalism?
The Missouri Compromise.
The Dred Scott Decision.
Indian Removal Act.
The Compromise of 1850.
The first Industrial Revolution began in _________.
the oil industry.
the British textile industry.
the automobile industry.
the steel industry.
None of the choices.
The belief that regional interests are more important than nationalism interests.
Sectionalism
Industrialization
Democratization
Nationalism
Identify the author of and the foundation of American foreign policy. The author of America’s foreign policy was the son of the 2nd POTUS and co-author of both the Declaration of Independence, and the U.S. Constitution, who took the young boy on several foreign emissary missions to Europe during the American Revolution and was grooming him to become a POTUS at the urging of his mother, Abigail. The foreign policy at this time essentially stated to European Powers that if they attempted to colonize the Caribbean, Central and South America, the United States would attack them in military engagement.
This picture represents America's 19th century foreign policy named after the President. In this President's term, this foreign policy was drafted by his Secretary of State.
James Monroe
Monroe Doctrine
John Quincy Adams
Theodore Roosevelt
Roosevelt Corollary
The 6th President of the United States was groomed from birth to be a POTUS. Like his father, he became a lawyer. He worked his way into politics by first becoming a diplomat for the U.S. Department of State, then became the Secretary of State in President James Monroe’s Cabinet. He wrote the Monroe Doctrine, named after James Monroe. He was elected as the 6th POTUS and was one of the last Federalists to hold political office. His presidency, unlike his previous positions, was uneventful. His popularity won him a seat as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate for the State of Massachusetts.
Zachary Taylor
John Quincy Adams
James Monroe
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
The 7th President of the United States was born in a backwoods settlement of the Carolinas in 1767. During the Revolutionary War, he served as a runner for the Continental Army, but the British captured him and the captain of the guards forced him to polish boots. When the future hero of the War of 1812 refused, the British captain slashed him with a saber and left a scar on his arm and face from the attack. The future 7th President used his hatred of the British to propel him to the rank of major general (a rank that he bought with his profits from slavery) and victory in the Battle of New Orleans and Seminole Wars. His “common man” ideals opened voting to white men of all social classes and indirectly took away voting rights from women. Whigs Henry Clay and Daniel Webster stood against the 7th President, a Democrat, on the issue of keeping the Second Bank of the United States, which was a private corporation sponsored by the U.S. Government. The Democratic Party’s ideals won out. What was interesting about the 7th President was although he was a Southerner and although a Carolinian by birth, made a name for himself in Tennessee, and a slaveholder, he believed in the idea of the United States and did not wish to secede like his vice president, John C. Calhoun, who was from South Carolina, the first State to secede from the Union. Although he was the 7th President, he represented the minority within his party as most Democrats sided with Calhoun. As for legacy, the 7th President was known for his gregarious personality, yet, he was a Southern gentleman and lived by a code of honor one might see among the European aristocracy during the 1820s, his time period. While he opened voting privileges for white men of all classes, he took away voting rights for women. His Indian removal policies uprooted several tribes and moved them away from their ancestral lands to Oklahoma, even though tribes like the Cherokee “Americanized” themselves by wearing Western clothing and adopting Christianity. He was also a slave owner and much of his personal fortune was derived from his plantation, The Hermitage.
Andrew Jackson
John Quincy Adams
Abraham Lincoln
Zachary Taylor
Winfield Scott
WOTF accomplishments are not associated with the 8th President, Martin Van Buren?
From 1837-1842, Van Buren could do nothing to alleviate the recession known as the Panic of 1837.
Pushed legislation for a separate government treasury to handle government transactions rather than having a 3rd Bank of the United States to carry out financial functions.
Annexed Texas because he wanted Texas as a Slave State.
Sold government tools to build public works to generate funds for the national government.
None of the choices.
This conflict involving the United States and the largest country in Central America from 1846 to 1848 marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. The Central American country was quite disorganized as it had recently won an 11-year revolution against its parent country of Spain. Texas gained its independence from Mexico in 1836. The issue with Texas entering the Union (United States) at the time was the fact that it wanted to come in as a Slave State. Meanwhile, gold was discovered in California just days before Mexico ceded the land to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The 1844 election of James K. Polk, a firm believer in the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, who campaigned that Texas should be “re-annexed” and that the Oregon Territory should be “re-occupied.” Polk also had his eyes on California, New Mexico and the rest of what is today the American Southwest. When Polk’s offer was rejected, he ordered U.S. troops into the region between the Rio Grande and Nueces River that both countries had previously recognized as part of the Coahuila, which was a State that belonged to America’s Central American rival. Key commanders in this conflict on the American side included Zachary Taylor, a future POTUS, and Winfield Scott, who had been a high-ranking officer in the U.S. Army since the end of the War of 1812. Key battles included the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma.
Following those battles, Polk told the U.S. Congress that the “cup of forbearance had been exhausted, even before Mexico passed the boundary of the United States, invaded our territory, and shed American blood upon American soil.” Two days later, on May 13, Congress declared war, despite opposition from some northern lawmakers. No official declaration of war ever came from Mexico. For context, 75,000 Mexican citizens lived north of the Rio Grande. As a result, U.S. forces led by Col. Stephen Watts Kearny and Commodore Robert Field Stockton were able to conquer those lands with minimal resistance. Taylor likewise had little trouble advancing, and he captured the city of Monterrey in September. The Mexican general, Antonio López de Santa Anna, the charismatic strongman who had been living in exile in Cuba fashioned himself after Napoleon Bonaparte. Santa Anna arrived, he immediately double-crossed Polk by taking control of the Mexican army and leading it into battle. At the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847, Santa Anna suffered heavy casualties and was forced to withdraw. Despite the loss, he assumed the Mexican presidency the following month. General Winfield Scott landed in Veracruz and took over the city. They then began marching toward Mexico City, essentially following the same route that Hernán Cortés followed when he invaded the Aztec empire. The Mexicans resisted at the Battle of Cerro Gordo and elsewhere, but were bested each time. In September 1847, Scott successfully laid siege to Mexico City’s Chapultepec Castle. During that clash, a group of military school cadets–the so-called niños héroes–purportedly committed suicide rather than surrender. Guerrilla attacks against U.S. supply lines continued, but for all intents and purposes the war had ended. Santa Anna resigned, and the United States waited for a new government capable of negotiations to form. Finally, on Feb. 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, establishing the Rio Grande (and not the Nueces River) as the U.S.-Mexican border. Under the treaty, Mexico also recognized the U.S. annexation of Texas, and agreed to sell California and the rest of its territory north of the Rio Grande for $15 million plus the assumption of certain damage claims. The net gain in U.S. territory after the Mexican-American War was roughly 525,000 square miles, an enormous tract of land—nearly as much as the Louisiana Purchase’s 827,000 square miles—that would forever change the geography, culture and economy of the United States. Though the war with Mexico was over, the battle over the newly acquired territories—and whether or not slavery would be allowed in those territories—was just beginning. Many of the U.S. officers and soldiers in the Mexican-American War would in just a few years find themselves once again taking up arms, but this time against their own countrymen in the Civil War. Use the above passage about the Mexican-American War to determine which of the following choices are false.
The Mexican-American War directly led to the Compromise of 1850, which made California a State. This compromise essentially repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which maintained the ratio between Free and Slave States. The provisions of the Compromise of 1850 featured the Fugitive Slave Law, which heavily favored Southerners because it forced Northerners to participate in the institution of slavery. A Northerner who came across an escaped slave had to turn the slave in to the authorities or face a $1000 fine.
The Mexican-American War produced key American Civil War officers. Ulysses S. Grant, James Longstreet, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, Robert E. Lee, and Winfield Scott Hancock, to name a few, all fought on the same side against a common opponent. The other key part of this war is that it was the first American war fought on foreign soil. Much of the territory where the U.S. Army engaged with the Mexican Army is now the United States, but that happened because Mexico lost.
None of the choices.
The Mexican-American War was a significant cause of the American Civil War. Serious, often violent debates regarding whether California would come in as a Free State or a Slave State took place. Texas came in as a Slave State.
The Mexican-American War eased the tension between Free and Slave States because the territory gained from the victory against Mexico was divided equally between Americans who had the anti-slavery mentality of the North and Americans who sided with the pro-slavery sentiment of the South.
Southern States began seceding from the Union shortly after which event?
The Battle of Gettysburg was fought in PA.
Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States.
The Battle of Ft. Sumter was fought in SC.
Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
(Select the 2 choices that complete the sentence.) The modern Republican Party formed as a result of
None of the choices.
The Northern States ordered the Southern states to abolish slavery.
Northern opposition to slavery’s expansion into the Western territories.
the combining of the Free-Soil Party (which supported the idea that new frontier territory west of the Mississippi should remain free of slavery), former Whigs, and former Democrats.
The Southern States ordered the Northern States to allow slavery within their borders.
Eli Whitney, the man pictured here patented an invention that increased the amount of cotton that could be produced in the South and led to a drastic increase in the demand for African slaves. What invention is this referring to?
John Deere tractor
Cotton Gin
Cotton Mill
Textile Machine
None of the choices.
The picture illustrates a network of routes that allowed many escaped slaves flee to freedom. What is this network referred to as?
Trail of Tears
Santa Fe Trail
Underground Railroad
Oregon Trail
Which statement best describes the Confederate economy?
The Confederate economy was primarily split between agriculture and manufacturing.
The Confederate economy was primarily agricultural.
The Confederate economy was primarily based on the cattle industry.
The Confederate economy was primarily based on the manufacturing industry.
Which event took place less than a week after Robert E. Lee’s surrender to Ulysses S. Grant?
The 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery in the U.S. was ratified.
President Abraham Lincoln was re-elected to his second term.
President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.
Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia.
The map shows the Confederate States of America. Which of the following was the first to secede from the Union?
The State of Texas
The State of Alabama
The State of Florida
The State of South Carolina
The State of Kentucky
WOTF WAS NOT an accomplishment of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (30 May 1854)?
It created two new territories.
It allowed for popular sovereignty in the new territories.
All of the answer choices were accomplishments of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
It incited a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas,” as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway voting on whether or not to allow slavery into the new territories.
It repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
What was the name of the Union strategy in which the Union wanted to blockade the Confederate coast and take control of the Mississippi River?
The Anaconda Plan
Blitzkrieg
Domino Effect
Total War
Which of the following is true of the 1860 election?
All of the answer choices.
All of Abraham Lincoln’s electoral votes were from Free States.
Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election causing Southern States to secede from the Union.
Abraham Lincoln did not receive any electoral votes from Slave States.
The Lincoln-Douglas debates were a series of debates held between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during their campaign for which office?
U.S. House of Representatives
U.S. Senate
U.S. President
Illinois Governor
Which statement best how members of the Ku Klux Klan felt about the fact that African Americans had the right to vote? (Articles on African American Voting Rights)
They actively encouraged African Americans to vote in elections.
They supported efforts to give African Americans the right to vote.
They used threats and violence in order to prevent African Americans from voting.
They opposed the right of African Americans to vote but took no actions against them.
The impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin was (Uncle Tom’s Cabin Documentary)
educating Northerners to sympathize with the Southern white plantation owners.
shedding light on the lifestyle of the average, poor, Southern white citizen.
showing that Southern white women had little to no status as they were just as much property as the African slaves.
inciting the abolitionist movement throughout the country by showing Southern life from the African slaves’ perspective.
a) Which of the following best explains the Emancipation Proclamation? b) The Emancipation Proclamation DIRECTLY resulted in WOTF Amendments to The Constitution?
It stated that all slaves in the Confederate states should be freed.
It stated that slavery should be abolished at the end of the Civil War.
It stated that all slaves in the Union and Confederacy were free.
14th Amendment
13th Amendment
Match the Key Battles of the Civil War to their dates and names. Unlike the other matching questions in this exam, you are not simply placing your answers in chronological order, but ranking the answers in terms of their significance.Match the following. (Only 5/7 battles could be provided here due to Quizizz formatting.)
First Bull Run (21 June 1861)
The first major land battle between Union and Confederate armies. Thomas Jackson becomes famous.
Shiloh (6-7 April 1862)
Grant defeats Johnston to take this railroad depot in Tennessee, which is by a Christian church.
Chancellorsville (6 April - 6 May 1863)
Weeklong campaign featuring night fighting results in Jackson's death by his own troops.
Gettysburg (1-3 July 1863)
Lee commits troops to the center of the Union line resulting in massive casualties for his army.
Vicksburg (22 May - 4 July 1863)
Grant sieges the people into surrender after failing to use navy. Wins the Mississippi River.
After the Civil War, the Freedmen's Bureau was set up primarily to help which group of people?
Confederate soldiers.
Immigrants.
Former African slaves.
Northern factory workers.
Regarding the Election of 1876
All of the choices.
Democrat Samuel Tilden won the popular vote.
Republican-controlled Congress chose to interpret voting irregularities in several Southern States so that the Republican candidate Rutherford Hayes won those electoral votes.
Republican Hayes was elected president of the United States.
Southerners demanded the removal of federal troops before they would ratify the Fifteenth Amendment.
electoral violence corrupted the 1876 election.
All of the choices.
It was proved that northern congressmen were taking bribes for votes.
divided feminists.
divided abolitionists and feminists who had long been allies in the emancipation struggle.
All of the choices.
separated those who saw African Americans’ political rights as more important than women’s rights.
The combination of credit available largely through merchants and landowners and increased railroad service
helped African Americans to become independent farmers.
made it easier for small farmers to buy modern farm equipment.
pushed small farmers away from subsistence farming and towards cash crops.
made it easier for the South to diversify its economic base.
The 1866–67 shift in the Republican Party from moderate to radical occurred because
All of the choices.
moderates realized by 1866 that the president seemed intent on undermining any Reconstruction policy that included civil rights for blacks.
Johnson undertook an extensive campaign tour in 1866 during which he maligned the reputations of all Republican congressmen.
Johnson’s plan made it possible for the Antebellum Southern political leadership to return to their seats in local and national legislatures.
recognized African Americans’ right to vote.
recognized citizenship of American males regardless of race.
recognized citizenship of those born in American territories regardless of race.
recognized citizenship of women and African Americans.
Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. His action prompted Congress to propose
emergency funding for the Freedmen’s Bureau.
the Civil Rights Act of 1867.
the Fourteenth Amendment.
the impeachment of the President.
How do the Black Codes reflect the context of the political economy of the post–Civil War era?
They reinforced the contemporary concept that no state or individual was required to provide land for freed slaves.
They created the biracial structure of American society.
They encouraged some freed people to anticipate a brighter future because they could be trained for skilled crafts as apprentices.
The labor contracts they required guaranteed that freedmen would be paid in cash or crops.
President Johnson’s failed attempt at Reconstruction required that former Confederate States
accept Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan, as well as extra provisions.
redraw state borders to erase old loyalties.
repudiate their declarations of war, repudiate secession, and grant limited civil rights to freedmen.
abolish slavery via the 13th Amendment, nullify secession ordinances, and repudiate war debts.
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan did all of the following except
denied African Americans the right to vote.
required 10 percent of a State’s population to ratify a new State constitution.
required that 10 percent of a State’s constitutional convention be comprised of Confederate veterans.
gave amnesty to all who swore an oath of loyalty to the Union.
After the Civil War, the sharecropping system emerged in the South primarily as a way to
diversify agricultural production.
provide a labor supply to plantation owners.
give forty acres of land to freedmen.
guarantee economic equality for African Americans.
Following Reconstruction, the passage of Jim Crow laws in the South limited the effectiveness of
tenant farming and sharecropping.
the Freedmen’s Bureau.
Black Codes.
the 14th and 15th amendments.
“In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro’ the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street.”
Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
Whitefield’s impact suggests that religious culture among British North American colonists in the 1700s was most directly shaped by
Roman Catholic influences.
interest in commerce and business.
reliance on agriculture.
trans-Atlantic exchanges
“In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro’ the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street.”
Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
Whitefield’s open-air preaching contributed most directly to which of the following trends?
The growth of the ideology of republican motherhood.
Greater independence and diversity of thought.
Movement of settlers to the backcountry.
The pursuit of social reform.
Use the excerpt to respond to the prompt. “In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro’ the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street.” (Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin)
The preaching described in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments in the 1700s?
The expansion of Protestant evangelism.
The emergence of an idea of republican self-government.
The beginning of calls for the abolition of slavery.
The increased influence of the Enlightenment.
Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1843 to 1854 shown in the graph?
Economic and political difficulties in Germany and Ireland.
Active encouragement of migration by the United States government.
Incentives offered by United States companies looking to hire skilled migrants.
Adoption of free trade policies by European governments.
Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in immigration after 1845 shown on the graph?
An upsurge in nativist sentiment.
An increase in sectional tensions.
A major economic downturn.
The collapse of the second party system.
The main trend shown in the graph was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the United States at the time?
The convergence of European and American cultures.
The displacement of American Indians from the Southeast.
The emergence of an industrialized economy.
The resurgence of evangelical Protestantism.
“The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.”
“He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
“He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. . . .
“Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. . . .
“He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”
Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848
The ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly challenged the prevailing ideal in the early nineteenth century that
women should educate their children about the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.
women should focus on the home and the domestic sphere.
women should enjoy full and equal rights with men.
the ability of women to earn wages was a positive development.
“The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.”
“He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
“He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. . . .
“Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. . . .
“He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”
Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848
Which of the following developments in the second half of the nineteenth century best represented the continuation of the ideas expressed in the declaration?
A movement focused on religious revivals and personal conversion.
Support for outlawing the production and sale of alcohol.
Women’s support for the Social Gospel.
The formation of voluntary organizations and reform efforts.
“The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.”
“He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
“He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. . . .
“Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. . . .
“He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”
Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848
Many supporters of the declaration in 1848 broke ranks with which of the following groups by the 1870s?
Isolationists.
Supporters of the Fifteenth Amendment.
Social Darwinists
Supporters of Southern secession and States’ rights.
“Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to affect their Safety and Happiness.”
Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776
The excerpt was written in response to the
individual colonial governments’ (of each of the 13 Colonies) failures to implement mercantilist policies.
colonial governments’ attempts to extend political rights to new groups.
British government’s attempt to assert greater control over the North American colonies.
British government’s failure to protect colonists from attacks by American Indians.
“Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to affect their Safety and Happiness.”
Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776
The ideas about government expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following?
The principle of religious freedom.
The ideas of the Enlightenment.
The concept of hereditary rights and privileges.
The belief in Manifest Destiny.
“We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954
Which of the following was the most immediate result of the decision excerpted?
Radicals critiqued government actions as doing too little to transform the racial status quo.
Education advocates raised awareness of the effect of poverty on students’ opportunities.
Civil rights activists became increasingly divided over tactical and philosophical issues.
Segregationists in southern states temporarily closed many public schools in an effort to resist the decision.
“We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954
The decision excerpted most directly reflected a growing belief after the Second World War that the power of the federal government should be used to
defend traditional visions of morality.
promote greater racial justice.
revitalize cities.
foster economic opportunity.
“We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954
The Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) decision reversed which of the following earlier decisions?
Plessy v. Ferguson, which endorsed racial segregation laws.
Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review.
Worcester v. Georgia, which established that the federal government rather than individual states had authority in American Indian affairs.
Dred Scott v. Sandford, which proclaimed that slaves could not be citizens.
“The system of quotas . . . was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship. . . . Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration. . . . The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924 . . . completed Asiatic exclusion. . . . Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law.”
Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004
The Immigration Act of 1924 most directly reflected
cultural tensions between scientific modernism and religious fundamentalism in the 1920s.
conflicts arising from the migration of African Americans to urban centers in the North.
social tensions emerging from the First World War.
the emergence of an increasingly national culture in the 1920s shaped by art, cinema, and mass media.
“The system of quotas . . . was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship. . . . Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration. . . . The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924 . . . completed Asiatic exclusion. . . . Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law.”
Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004
Which of the following evidence would best support Ngai’s argument in the excerpt?
Census data revealing the Great Migration of African Americans to cities in the North and West in the 1920s.
Census data showing the changing percentages of the foreign-born population from 1920 to 1930.
Narratives describing the challenges of immigrant family life in the 1920s.
Diplomatic correspondence reflecting the increasing isolationism of United States foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s.
“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.”
President Harry Truman, address before a joint session of Congress articulating what would become known as the Truman Doctrine, 1947
In his statement Truman had the goal of
avoiding a military confrontation with the Soviet Union.
restraining communist military power and ideological influence.
creating alliances with recently decolonized nations.
reestablishing the principle of isolationism.
“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.”
President Harry Truman, address before a joint session of Congress articulating what would become known as the Truman Doctrine, 1947
Truman issued the doctrine primarily in order to
support United States allies in Latin America.
protect United States interests in the Middle East.
bolster noncommunist nations, particularly in Europe.
support decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Conditions like those shown in the image contributed most directly to which of the following?
A decline in efforts to Americanize immigrants.
The weakening of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor.
An increase in Progressive reform activity.
The passage of laws restricting immigration to the United States.
The conditions shown in the image depict which of the following trends in the late nineteenth century?
The rise of the settlement house and Populist movements.
The increased corruption in urban politics.
The growing gap between wealthy people and people living in poverty.
The migration of African Americans to the North.
Advocates for individuals such as those shown in the image would have most likely agreed with which of the following perspectives?
Both wealth and poverty are the products of natural selection.
Capitalism, free of government regulation, would improve social conditions.
The Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was justified.
Government should act to eliminate the worst abuses of industrial society.
“Except for only Yosemite, Hetch Hetchy is the most attractive and wonderful valley within the bounds of the great Yosemite National Park and the best of all the campgrounds. People are now flocking to it in ever-increasing numbers for health and recreation of body and mind. Though the walls are less sublime in height than those of Yosemite, its groves, gardens, and broad, spacious meadows are more beautiful and picturesque. . . . Last year in October I visited the valley with Mr. William Keith, the artist. He wandered about from view to view, enchanted, made thirty-eight sketches, and enthusiastically declared that in varied picturesque beauty Hetch Hetchy greatly surpassed Yosemite. It is one of God’s best gifts, and ought to be faithfully guarded.”
John Muir, Century Magazine, 1909
Which of the following aspects of Muir’s description expresses a major change in Americans’ views of the natural environment?
The idea that mountainous scenery is more picturesque and beautiful than flat terrain.
The idea that the government should preserve wilderness areas in a natural state.
The idea that wilderness areas are worthy subjects for artistic works.
The idea that wilderness areas serve as evidence of divine creation.
“Except for only Yosemite, Hetch Hetchy is the most attractive and wonderful valley within the bounds of the great Yosemite National Park and the best of all the campgrounds. People are now flocking to it in ever-increasing numbers for health and recreation of body and mind. Though the walls are less sublime in height than those of Yosemite, its groves, gardens, and broad, spacious meadows are more beautiful and picturesque. . . . Last year in October I visited the valley with Mr. William Keith, the artist. He wandered about from view to view, enchanted, made thirty-eight sketches, and enthusiastically declared that in varied picturesque beauty Hetch Hetchy greatly surpassed Yosemite. It is one of God’s best gifts, and ought to be faithfully guarded.”
John Muir, Century Magazine, 1909
Muir’s ideas are most directly a reaction to the
increasing usage and exploitation of western landscapes.
increase in urban populations, including immigrant workers attracted by a growing industrial economy.
westward migration of groups seeking religious refuge.
opening of a new frontier in recently annexed territory.
Questions 24–27 refer to the excerpt below.
“[H]istory and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. . . . Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. . . . The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns.”
George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796
The concerns expressed by Washington were a response to the
dispute over the possibility of annexing Canada from Great Britain.
conflict with Great Britain over the treatment of American Loyalists.
debate over the proper treatment of American Indian tribes in the trans-Appalachian West.
controversy regarding support for the revolutionary government of France.
“[H]istory and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. . . . Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. . . . The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns.”
George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796
The ideas expressed in Washington’s address most strongly influenced which United States foreign policy decision in the twentieth century?
The formation of the NATO alliance between the United States and Western Europe in 1949.
The oil embargo against Japan in 1941.
The refusal to join the League of Nations in 1919.
The establishment of the United Nations in 1945.
Questions 24–27 refer to the excerpt below. “[H]istory and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. . . . Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. . . . The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns.”
George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796
Which of the following groups most strongly opposed Washington’s point of view in the address?
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
New England merchants
Southern plantation owners
“[H]istory and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. . . . Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. . . . The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns.”
George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796
Most historians would argue that the recommendations of Washington’s address ceased to have a significant influence on United States foreign policy as a result of
involvement in the Second World War.
westward expansion in the nineteenth century.
support for Cuban revolutionaries in the Spanish-American War.
Woodrow Wilson’s support for international democratic principles during the First World War.
Questions 28–30 refer to the excerpt below. “The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to farm in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock—honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle—and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats....
In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people.”
Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001
The export of New World crops to the Old World transformed European society mostly by
fostering conflicts among major powers over access to new food supplies.
promoting greater exploration of the interior of the American continents.
encouraging enclosure of open lands and pushing workers off of farms.
improving diets and thereby stimulating population growth.
Questions 28–30 refer to the excerpt below. “The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to farm in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock—honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle—and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats....
In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people.”
Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001
The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?
The emergence of racially mixed populations in the Americas.
The population decline in Native American societies.
The spread of maize cultivation northward from present-day Mexico into the American Southwest.
The gradual shift of European economies from feudalism to capitalism.
Questions 28–30 refer to the excerpt below. “The colonizers brought along plants and animals new to the Americas, some by design and others by accident. Determined to farm in a European manner, the colonists introduced their domesticated livestock—honeybees, pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle—and their domesticated plants, including wheat, barley, rye, oats, grasses, and grapevines. But the colonists also inadvertently carried pathogens, weeds, and rats....
In sum, the remaking of the Americas was a team effort by a set of interdependent species led and partially managed (but never fully controlled) by European people.”
Alan Taylor, historian, American Colonies, 2001
\The trends described by Taylor most directly illustrate which of the following major historical developments in the Atlantic world?
The increasing anglicization of the English colonies.
The phenomenon known as the Columbian Exchange.
The growth of mercantile empires that stretched across the Atlantic.
The rise of the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
The map most directly depicts the
effects of industrialization.
pattern of American Indian resistance.
inland expansion of the colonial population.
decline of tobacco production.
The pattern of colonial settlement up to 1700 resulted most directly from which of the following factors?
The large size of British colonial populations relative to American Indian populations.
British recognition of Native American sovereignty.
The British government attempted to impose greater control over the colonies in the late 1600s.
The orientation of the British colonies toward producing commodities for export to Europe.
The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 had which of the following effects?
An increase in trade with French Canada.
An increase in conflicts between British settlers and American Indians.
A decrease in the coastal population.
A decrease in the economic importance of slavery and other forms of coerced labor.
The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 best explains the
growth of social tensions between backcountry settlers and coastal elites.
development of economic differences between the northern and southern colonies.
colonists’ difficulties in effectively resisting the British military during the American Revolution.
significant proportion of colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution.
Questions 35–37 refer to the excerpt below. “[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization.”
John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844
Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Calhoun’s views expressed in the excerpt?
Members of the Whig Party.
Northern industrialists.
Southern landowners.
Members of nativist political parties.
Questions 35–37 refer to the excerpt below. “[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization.”
John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844
Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun’s assertions?
Abolitionist societies encountered difficulty organizing in Southern States.
A majority of White Southerners were not slaveholders.
Many slaves engaged in forms of resistance to slavery.
Many slaves adopted elements of Christianity.
Questions 35–37 refer to the excerpt below. “[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization.”
John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844
In the 1840s and 1850s, the views expressed by Calhoun most directly contributed to
the United States acquisition of new territory in the West.
the development of sharecropping and tenant farming in the South.
he rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious reform.
increased sectional divisions between the North and the South.
Questions 38–40 refer to the excerpt below. “My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them, . . . and sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant.”
John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616
The excerpt suggests that promoters such as Smith most typically presented migration as a means for
workers to achieve social mobility and economic opportunity.
people earn wages to send home to their families.
countries to acquire new sources of mineral wealth.
joint-stock companies to generate profits.
Questions 38–40 refer to the excerpt below. “My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them, . . . and sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant.”
John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616
The excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?
The nature of master and apprentice relationships in England in the early seventeenth century.
The role that appeals and advertising played in encouraging men and women to participate in colonization efforts.
The interaction of English colonial settlers with native populations in the early seventeenth century.
The harsh realities of life in the early seventeenth-century American colonies, including illness, high mortality rates, and starvation.
Questions 38–40 refer to the excerpt below. “My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them, . . . and sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant.”
John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616
Which of the following was a major contrast between the New England colonies and the colonies of France?
countries to acquire new sources of mineral wealth.
joint-stock companies to generate profits.
workers to achieve social mobility and economic opportunity.
people earn wages to send home to their families.
Questions 41–43 refer to the excerpt below.
“There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . .
“Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way.”
Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865
Schurz’s analysis most directly illustrated the debates about which of the following issues in the South?
The industrialization of the South.
The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.
The extent of federal legislative power.
The process of readmitting Confederate States.
Questions 41–43 refer to the excerpt below.
“There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . .
“Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way.”
Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865
The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century?
The sale of most plantations to African Americans to keep them in the South.
The Nullification Crisis caused by Southern resistance to federal policy.
The rise of the Whig Party in the South.
The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South.
Questions 41–43 refer to the excerpt below.
“There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . .
“Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way.”
Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865
Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because
Republican opposition to African American rights alienated many White Southerners.
Republicans believed it better to withdraw from the South than to become corrupted by Southern politics.
Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment.
Republicans feared the South would secede again if the party became too successful.
Questions 44–46 refer to the excerpt below.
“The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality.
“Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality.
President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937
The ideas expressed in the excerpt differed from the prevailing United States approach to foreign policy issues primarily in that Roosevelt was
encouraging new laws that would give the United States international police power.
arguing to expand the role of the United States in the world.
encouraging the United States to avoid political entanglements in Europe.
encouraging the United States to avoid political entanglements in Europe.
Questions 44–46 refer to the excerpt below.
“The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality.
“Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality.
President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937
The excerpt best reflects an effort by Roosevelt to
overcome opposition to participation in the impending Second World War.
encourage the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.
promote the acquisition of new territories abroad.
promote the acquisition of new territories abroad.
Questions 44–46 refer to the excerpt below.
“The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality.
“Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality.
President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937
Which of the following best represents continuity in the years after 1945 with the ideas that Roosevelt expressed in the excerpt?
The rise of peace organizations opposed to the buildup and use of nuclear weapons.
United States membership in an international collective security organization.
The conviction and execution of suspected Soviet spies in the United States.
United States military commitment to countries battling communist insurgencies.
The poster most directly reflects the
expanded access to consumer goods during wartime.
wartime repression of civil liberties.
wartime mobilization of United States society.
emergence of the United States as a leading world power.
The poster was intended to
persuade women to enlist in the military.
promote the ideals of republican motherhood.
advocate for the elimination of sex discrimination in employment.
convince women that they had an essential role in the war effort.
Which of the following represents a later example of the change highlighted in the poster?
The growing popular consensus about appropriate women’s roles in the 1980s and 1990s.
Feminist calls for equal economic opportunities in the 1970s.
Feminist calls for equal economic opportunities in the 1970s.
The growing feminist protests against United States military engagements abroad in the 1970s.
Questions 50 and 51 refer to the excerpt below.
“The era of big government is over but we can’t go back to a time when our citizens were just left to fend for themselves. We will meet them by going forward as one America, by working together in our communities, our schools, our churches and synagogues, our workplaces across the entire spectrum of our civic life.”
President Bill Clinton, radio address to the nation, 1996
Which of the following actions by the Clinton administration best reflects the ideas about the scope of government expressed in the excerpt?
The negotiation of new free trade agreements among North American countries.
The effort to enact universal health care legislation.
The enactment of welfare reform to restrict benefits and encourage self-reliance.
The decision to pursue military peacekeeping interventions in the Balkans and Somalia.
“The era of big government is over but we can’t go back to a time when our citizens were just left to fend for themselves. We will meet them by going forward as one America, by working together in our communities, our schools, our churches and synagogues, our workplaces across the entire spectrum of our civic life.”
President Bill Clinton, radio address to the nation, 1996
The ideas expressed by Clinton in the excerpt were most similar to those of which twentieth-century president?
Woodrow Wilson
Ronald Reagan
Lyndon Johnson
Franklin Roosevelt
Questions 52–55 refer to the excerpt below.
“Shortly after this, my mother’s widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . .
“My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill...
“The working hours of all the girls extended from five o’clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . .
“I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who, as it was said, were treated so badly…
“In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us.”
Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898
Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?
Large-scale immigration from southern and eastern Europe.
The wartime need for women to fill jobs previously held by men.
The expansion and increased organization of industrial production.
The concept of republican motherhood after the American Revolution.
Questions 52–55 refer to the excerpt below.
“Shortly after this, my mother’s widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . .
“My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill...
“The working hours of all the girls extended from five o’clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . .
“I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who, as it was said, were treated so badly…
“In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us.”
Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898
The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the first half of the 1800s?
Many women’s embrace of the idea of separate spheres.
The sharp increase in the number of workers making goods for distant markets.
Women’s acquisition of new legal rights independent of their fathers and husbands.
The emergence of a larger and more distinct middle class.
Questions 52–55 refer to the excerpt below.
“Shortly after this, my mother’s widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . .
“My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill...
“The working hours of all the girls extended from five o’clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . .
“I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who, as it was said, were treated so badly…
“In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us.”
Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898
Which of the following was a major difference in economic development between the Northeast and the South in the first half of the 1800s?
The South relied much less on wage labor than the Northeast.
Southern exports had a far lower value than exports from the Northeast.
Banking and shipping grew more rapidly in the South than in other regions.
The South had few commercial connections with other regions of the United States.
Questions 52–55 refger to the excerpt below.
“Shortly after this, my mother’s widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . .
“My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill...
“The working hours of all the girls extended from five o’clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . .
“I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who, as it was said, were treated so badly…
“In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us.”
Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898
Robinson’s assertion that she and the other workers were “well off ” would be challenged during the second half of the nineteenth century by which of the following?
Declining household incomes of working families as a result of businesses’ unwillingness to employ children.
The expanded access to company-sponsored pensions and healthcare for most employees.
Confrontations between unions and factory management over wages and working conditions.
The growing corporate need for clerical workers that brought many women into office jobs.
