Do you ever wonder how soft drink manufacturers come up with new flavors? How do they determine what flavorings and sweeteners to use and how much to include in each recipe? How do they invent new flavors to try? Soft drink manufacturers rely on an understanding of _______ to develop and analyze their beverages.

It may surprise you to learn that Hollywood stunt designers must often perform complex calculations before a stunt can be carried out. These equations are used to determine the forces acting on the objects involved in the stunt and to predict their motions. Stunt designers and performers must therefore know a lot about _______to be successful.

Physics is

Chemistry is

Earth science is

What would NOT be a primary investigation in physics?

What is a primary investigation in chemistry?

Which topic is a primary investigation in Earth science?

A scientist is studying how ice crystals form in cirrus (thin, wispy) clouds. Which field or fields of science are being studied? Select all that apply.

Fossil fuels are organic materials formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals that were subjected to extreme temperatures and pressures in Earth’s crust. Which sciences are BEST used to explain how fossil fuels formed?

When fossil fuels burn, their organic molecules interact with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Which science is BEST used to explain how fossil fuels burn?

All of the following are studied by physical science EXCEPT __________?

Droughts cause significant socioeconomic damage each year. A group of scientists observes the frequency of droughts in a certain region to try to determine processes that can help predict droughts.

Metals that leak from mine waste sites pollute groundwater and are dangerous to the environment. A group of scientists investigates the possibility of using certain chemicals to reduce the leakage of metals from mine waste sites.

Your friend goes to a rock concert and the next day tells you enthusiastically that it was the best music ever made. Can your friend’s claim be studied using the methods of science?

In general, metal wires expand when they are heated. To test this, you heat a piece of wire and then measure how much the wire’s length changed as a result of the temperature change. In this experiment, the wire’s temperature is ______.

In the setup for an experiment, the height of a ramp is h. The height of a table is y. The horizontal distance the ball travels after it leaves the table is x. You want to try to get the ball to land inside the cup so you want to know how changing the height of the ramp affects how far from the table the ball lands. In other words, you want to know how h affects x.

Which type of variable is height (h)?

Which type of variable is the the material of the ball (glass, plastic, rubber, etc.)?

Which type of variable is the table height (y)?

A student records the rising and setting times of the moon each day for a month

Scientists at a volcano observatory continuously monitor the ground movements and volcanic gas chemistry between and during eruptions.

A group of students sprinkle salt onto one of two burning candles and record the color of the two flames

When scientists want to determine the hardness of minerals, they use a test called the Mohs test. An experimenter trying to identify a mineral will scratch the surface with a set of tools of various hardness and then analyze the results against charts.

The first evidence that light has a finite speed and does not travel from place to place instantaneously came in the seventeenth century from observations that Jupiter’s moons appear later when Jupiter is farther from Earth as compared to when Jupiter is closer to Earth. This phenomenon was used to show that the difference in the time of appearance of the moons is consistent with a measurable speed. This is an example of __________.

What is NOT an example of a field study?

You heard somewhere that salty water boils faster than pure water. You decide to do a scientific investigation to determine whether this is true. You get three identical pots. You put 4 cups of pure water in the first pot. In the second pot, you put 4 cups of water with 2 tablespoons of salt added. In the third pot, you put 4 cups of water with 4 tablespoons of salt added. Next, you heat all three pots at the same level of heat and measure how long it takes the water in each pot to boil. This is an example of _______ experiment.

The time needed for the water in each pot to boil depends on several factors, such as the amount of liquid you use, the level of heat you use, and the size and composition of the pots you use. In this experiment, these are examples of variables. In this experiment, the salinity of water is _____ variable.

A group of scientists studies the nature of earthquakes by passing mechanical waves through various materials in a lab. The scientists are using a ______ model.

Newton’s second law of motion, which explains the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, F=ma, is an example of a _____ model.

A picture of the solar system is an example of a _______ model.

Which type of model is a light bulb used to model the sun as a source of energy an example of?

Which model could be used to illustrate rocket propulsion?

Which statement is falsifiable

Which property must a falsifiable statement have?

What is true of a hypothesis?

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that a rock falls because it is seeking to return to its “natural place,” namely the ground. What is the best reason why Aristotle's proposal would not be considered to be a scientific hypothesis?

Law of conservation of matter

The law only describes amounts of matter not changing

The law would also apply to chemical reactions in another galaxy.

What best fits the description of a scientific law?

Which definition BEST describes a scientific theory?

The system of Ptolemy was an ancient description of the motion of the sun and other objects across the sky in terms of Earth as the center of the universe. In the Ptolemaic system, it was assumed that each object in the sky moved on its own imaginary sphere. The system of Ptolemy fits the description of ________.

Galileo, a sixteenth-through-seventeenth century astronomer and mathematician, questioned Aristotle’s claim that heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects. He asked what would happen if the two objects were tied together. If Aristotle was right, the combined objects should be heavier and fall even faster. But the lighter object should also slow the heavier one so that they would fall more slowly. Because both cannot be true, Galileo concluded that weight could not affect the speed of a fall. He confirmed this thought experiment by doing real experiments on falling objects and objects rolling down inclines. This type of reasoning about what seems likely to happen, followed by experiments to check predictions is BEST described as formulating and testing a ___________ .

Johannes Kepler, a sixteenth-through-seventeenth century astronomer, analyzed astronomical data that his mentor, Tycho Brahe, had collected. He found three rules about how the planets orbit the sun that were always followed according to all the data he had. But he could not explain why the planets obeyed these rules. Each of the rules that Kepler discovered about the motion of the planets, without an explanation as to why the planets moved as they did, is BEST described as a _________.

The English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton was born within about a year of Galileo’s death. Newton succeeded in explaining a great many force and motion phenomena. Combined with his law of universal gravitation, Newton’s laws of motion explain why the motion of falling objects does not depend on their mass and why the planets move in the ways Kepler had observed. Which term best describes the explanation Newton constructed?

Which statement describes a scientific theory?

Which analogy is correct?

All scientists follow the same specific list of steps to perform a scientific investigation

A new scientific theory will typically be accepted as correct without further testing if it is proposed by someone who has a reputation for almost always being right.

The fact that scientific knowledge changes by responding to new evidence means that all currently accepted theories are wrong.

Revising scientific theories to accommodate new evidence is a key part of why scientists today can explain more about the world than scientists could 200 years ago.

Which of these best summarizes the central idea of the big bang theory?

Proposed steady-state and big bang models differed on the question of whether the universe _____.

When evidence for the big bang was found, the steady-state model was _______.

Why did the big bang theory come to be accepted?

What caused scientists to accept the theory of plate tectonics when they did not accept Wegener's idea of continental drift?

What best describes the procedure Dalton followed in developing his atomic theory?

What BEST describes why the long-accepted idea that atoms were indivisible was rejected?

What BEST describes the procedure Marsden and Rutherford followed in their initial experiment?

Scientists all follow the same list of steps to obtain new evidence.

The method scientists use ______ involves proposing a hypothesis and then testing it.

When the evidence convincingly shows a prediction of a theory to be untrue, the theory is most likely to be

Which statement BEST describes how the different physical sciences are related

Which field of science would primarily be used in studying the details of how moving water flowing around an object such as a pebble can exert enough force to lift it and carry it?

Which field of science would primarily be used in studying the effect of weathering and erosion on features of the landscape over long periods of time?

When water freezes, the water molecules join weakly in a specific way” is mainly a statement about which field of science?

Being less dense than liquid water makes the ice float” is mainly a statement about which field of science?

The river freezes on its surface first” is mainly a statement about which field of science?

One of the members of a river research team measures how far a floating object has traveled at 5.0 second intervals. The intent is to calculate the speed of the water at the center of the river and collect similar data for other rivers.

In measuring the distance at each time, the independent variable is _________

One of the members of a river research team measures how far a floating object has traveled at 5.0 second intervals. The intent is to calculate the speed of the water at the center of the river and collect similar data for other rivers.

The dependent variable is ___________

One of the members of a river research team measures how far a floating object has traveled at 5.0 second intervals. The intent is to calculate the speed of the water at the center of the river and collect similar data for other rivers.

Studying the speed of water flow in rivers by this method would be classified as a _______ study