These are steels containing only carbon as significant alloying element.

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These are steels added by some alloying elements to increase its hardenability.

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A class of relatively low cost steels providing much of the advantage of more costly regular alloy steels.

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A steel hardening which is usually done in the material surface. It is accomplished by carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding, induction hardening or flame hardening.

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The most abundant and cheapest material. It has four element alloys containing iron, carbon, silicon, and manganese.

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A kind of iron primed from carbon that is precipitated in the form of graphite flakes.

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It is an iron alloyed with magnesium which causes the excess carbon to precipitate in the form of small spheres or nodules.

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An iron produced in outer portion of gray and ductile iron castings by chilling selected surfaces of the mold, thereby denying time for carbon precipitation.

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An iron made from white iron by a two-stage heat treating process.

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These are alloys used in variety of structural applications that usually require specific corrosion resistance and strength and toughness at temperature extremes as great as 2000°F and as low as -400°F

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These are non-magnetic and extremely corrosion resistance alloys. These have love thermal conductivity and outstanding in strength to weight ratios.

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These are alloys whose melting temperatures are low. Its abundance made it more economical.

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The heating and cooling of metals in its solid state under controlled conditions in order to improve its mechanical properties.

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A heat treatment process used to modify the microstructure of a metal to improve its ductility while reducing internal stress and overall hardness. This allows the material to be more easily shaped without cracking. This process is particularly useful for steels, which can be too hard or brittle for forming processes.

(a)  

Used to enhance the hardness of the metal’s surface through heating and rapid cooling. The material is heated in a hardening furnace to a temperature that transforms its internal structure without melting it. The metal is then held at this temperature for one hour per every inch of thickness, followed by rapid cooling. The quick cooling process establishes a harder, more stable crystalline structure.

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Refers specifically to heat treatments that rely on rapid cooling of the metal to achieve the desired physical or mechanical properties. Heated materials are often cooled in oil, but can also be quenched using air, water, and brine, depending on the material and desired qualities.

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Involves heating the material above the point where the internal structure transforms and then air cooling it at a particular rate. This process allows the structure to become more stable, reducing internal stress and enhancing the strength and hardness of the metal. It is particularly useful for metals that have been subject to stress-inducing forming processes, such as machining, straightening, and rolling.

(a)