WorksheetsFinal Exam IB ESS Topics 1 to 4 Sem. 1 2022
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 5hrs 0mins
What type of feedback is this: You are outside and it's a hot day. Your body temperature becomes higher and your body begins to sweat in order to cool down. As a result, you don't overheat.
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Reverse Feedback
General Feedback
The Eucalypt forests of Australia have evolved to recover from wildfires. When ecosystem recover after a disturbance, what term describes this?
Resistance
Stability
Reaction
Resilience
Which is the most consistent with a technocentric view?
Communities keep development in check
Population control and resource management of equal
importance
argues that technological developments can provide solutions to environmental problems.
No development, nature has intrinsic value
What definition describes the term biodegradable pollutant?
Doesn't breakdown at all
A recyclable material
All plastics
Pollutants that will decompose
When wood in a fireplace is burned, a change of state is occurring. Which of the following describe this process?
Transformation
Transfer
Flow
Reduction
This type of system allows for exchange of only energy:
Open System
Closed System
Forward System
Reversible System
When an ecosystem can return to its original state after a disturbance, we call this.
Static equilibrium
Unstable Equilibrium
Stable equilibrium
Which description below represents what an environmental value system is(EVS)?
an economic approximation for equating monetary worth
an intergovernmental ranking of biodiversity factors
life events and influences that shape an individual's approach to environmental issues.
When pollutants comes from multiple, undetectable sources, like vehicles in a highway, we refer this to what?
Non-Point Source Pollution
Point Source Pollution
Vehicular Pollution
Which option contains correct statements about exchanges between Open and Closed systems?
Exchanges matter but not energy / Exchanges neither matter nor energy
Exchanges matter but not energy / Exchanges energy but not matter
Exchanges energy but not matter / Exchanges neither
matter nor energy
Exchanges matter and energy / Exchanges energy but not matter
Which of the following describe the description: "Humans must sustainably manage the global system"
Anthropocentric
Technocentric
Ecocentric
Which of the following describe the description: "Ecology and nature are central to humanity"?
Anthropocentric
Technocentric
Ecocentric
Complete the sentence: Forests are
forms of ______(I)______ and their timber is considered _______(II)______.
natural capital/replenishable
natural capital/natural income
sustainable yield/natural capital
natural income/sustainable yield
An ecological niche is...
an organism's location.
all the populations of an ecosystem.
what a species eats.
where, when, and how an organism lives
In food chains, some energy is lost in the form of heat when energy is transferred. The loss of energy in the form of heat is considered what?
An aspect of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy, an aspect of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Unstable Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium
An artist created a tower using stones. In what form of equilibrium are the stones in?
Stable
Static
Steady-State
Unstable
Maintaining a constant body weight, which may include some weight fluctuations, is what type of equilibrium?
Stable
Static
Steady-State
Unstable
What is a simplified version of reality and can be used to understand how a system works and to predict how it will respond to change.
Positive Feedback
Model
Static Equilibrium
Stability
An Environmental Impact Assessment is a report prepared before a development project to change the use of a land. Which of the following are examples of when this EIA could be used?
(note: you can select more than 1 answer for this question)
Constructing a dam
Building a new highway
Construction of a neighborhood
True or False: A tipping point is the maximum amount of change within a system that will destabilize it, causing it to reach a new equilibrium or stable state.
True
False
When a pollutant is directly released to the atmosphere, like vehicle emissions, this is called what?
Primary Pollutant
Secondary Pollutant
Tertiary Pollutant
Quaternary Pollutant
Multiple farms are located along a river. A few farmers use an illegal type of pesticide, while the rest use government approved types. Some of the pesticides enter the river as runoff. The EPA is trying to trace ONLY the illegal types of pesticides but is having a hard time finding the source since there are many farms. What form of pollution is this?
Non-Point Source Pollution
Point Source Pollution
Farm Pollution
Agricultural Pollution
Which of the following describes the actual conditions and resources in which a species exists due to biotic interactions?
Niche
Realized Niche
Fundamental Niche
Habitat
Which of the following describe the full range of conditions and resources in which a species could survive and reproduce?
Niche
Realized Niche
Fundamental Niche
Habitat
There is a forest that has enough food for only about 1000 deer. Based on the graph, this forest ecosystem has reached what?
Exponential growth
Carrying capacity
Growth Max
Ecosystem Limit
Due to most energy being lost in the form of heat between trophic levels, what percentage of energy actually makes it to the next level?
1%
5%
20%
10%
Based on the figure, what is happening to the levels of DDT in each trophic level?
Bioaccumulation is happening, the levels of DDT are decreasing as you move to higher trophic levels.
Biomagnification is only happening in this food chain, the organisms in higher trophic have higher levels of DDT
Bioaccumulation is demonstrated because a build-up of DDT is happening to all the organisms in food chain. Also, Biomagnification is happening because the organisms in higher trophic have higher levels of DDT
True or False: Climate change is altering the distribution of biomes and causing biome shifts.
True
False
Which of the following is an example of a Temporal Phenomenon?
Succession
Zonation
Altitude
Latitude
Zonation refers to changes in community along an environmental gradient. Which example(s) are factors that can lead to Zonation?
(note: you can select more than 1 answer for this question)
Altitude
Latitude
Tidal level
Soil forming by the breakdown of rock in a newly formed environment is considered what?
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
Zonation
Why are Pioneer Species like mosses and lichens great for uncolonized rocky environments?
Both organisms have access to soil from the rocks and are great for water absorption.
Both organisms do not require soil to grow and are affective at absorbing water.
Both organisms make Primary Succession faster than Secondary Succession
The final stage of succession is the climax community. What is a major feature of a Climax Community?
less habitat diversity than previously
better soil conditions than previously
less biomass than previously
A r-strategist species are those that produce large numbers of offspring so they can colonize new habitats quickly. An example of a r-strategist species is__________.
Lions
Humans
Elephants
Insects
What is one way you can measure a biotic factor in a non-motile organism such as a mushroom.
Light Traps
Nets
Quadrats
Tullgren Tunnel
The Lincoln Index is used to estimate the total population size of a motile organism in the area. Although it's helpful, limitations do exist. Which of the following is a limitation?
The density of the population in different habitats are all equal
Some organisms are hidden in vegetation and are not counted for.
It's an assumption that they are all equally spread.
The organisms don't migrate out of a study area, which affects the index.
You have a 10 by 10 Quadrat, so you have a Quadrat with 100 squares. In this quadrat, 40 squares have mosses in them. What is the total percent cover of mosses in this quadrat? Note: the picture is just to show you what a 10 by 10 Quadrat looks like.
.40%
4.0%
.040%
40%
You are trying to determine the Simpson's Diversity Index in a Artic Biome that is not affected by human activities. What type of "D" Value would you get and why?
The "D" Value will be low because the biome naturally has low diversity.
The "D" Value will be high because the biome naturally has a high diversity.
The "D" Value will low because this biome's diversity is being affected by pollution.
The "D" Value will be high because the biome has low diversity.
The main factors affecting biomes include which of the following?
(note: you can select more than 1 answer for this question)
Precipitation
Temperature
Longitude
Altitude
This type of pyramid records the number of individuals at each trophic level coexisting in an ecosystem.
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Productivity
Pyramid of Numbers
This type of pyramid quantifies the amount of biomass present at each trophic level at a certain point in time.
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Productivity
Pyramid of Numbers
In the Carbon Cycle, transformations occur. Which of the following demonstrate a transformation in the Carbon Cycle?
herbivores feeding on producers
When organic matter such as glucose and oxygen are used and produce carbon dioxide and water
carnivores feeding on other heterotrophs
decomposers feeding on dead organic matter
In the Nitrogen Cycle, transfers occur. Which of the following demonstrate transfers in the Nitrogen Cycle?
A Nitrogen-fixing bacteria transform nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into ammonium ions.
Denitrifying bacteria transform nitrates into nitrogen.
Decomposers feeding on dead organic matter
nitrifying bacteria transform ammonium ions into nitrite and then nitrate
What inputs and outputs are involved in photosynthesis?
Input: Glucose, Oxygen
Output: Carbon Dioxide, Water, Energy
Input: Glucose, Carbon Dioxide
Output: Oxygen, Energy, Water
Input: Sunlight, Glucose
Output: Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen
Input: Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide, Water
Output: Glucose and Oxygen
The interference that halts the process of succession and diverts it so that a different stable state is reached is referred to as____________.
Climax Community
Pioneer Community
Plagioclimax
Old-Field succession
Which type of organisms produce a small number of offspring that require parental care and mature slowly? Examples include elephants or whales.
C-strategist
K-strategist
r-strategist
Which of the following biomes has a high level of net primary productivity?
Deserts
Tundra
Grassland
Tropical Rain Forest
Which statement about Temperate Forests is true?
The soil is low in nutrients.
less dense canopy means that light levels on the forest floor are higher than in rainforest
has low productivity, meaning that vegetation is sparse
Soil may be permanently frozen
True or False: Low light intensity, temperatures and rainfall mean that rates of photosynthesis and productivity are high in the Tundra biome.
True
False
Which organism is considered a producer in a deep sea hydrothermal vent community?
Algae
Chemosynthetic Bacteria
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Seaweed
What are the benefits of conserving habitat diversity?
Conserving habitat diversity protects all organisms in the habitat.
Conserves only endangered species.
Conservers only humans living in the habitat.
Conserves only native organisms.
True or False: The higher the species diversity of
a ecosystem, the lower the complexity.
True
False
Which term refers to relative abundance of each species?
Richness
Evenness
Habitat
Density
Why is the quantification of biodiversity important for conservation efforts?
To ensure that the land is used for the exploitation of a resource.
To assist corporations in identifying a new place to harvest a resource.
So qualitative data can be taken
So areas of high biodiversity can be identified and explored
Natural selection is an evolutionary driving force, referred to as “survival of the fittest”. Which of the following options is true about natural selection?
Organisms that have genetic traits that allowed them to survive and reproduce are considered the strongest.
Nature is literally selecting which organisms are going to survive.
The least "fit" organisms are able to survive
The most "fit" organisms are able to survive but not reproduce
There are 4 steps in the natural selection mechanism. Which statement below is incorrect?
Within a population of one species, there is genetic diversity, which is called variation.
Due to natural variation, some individuals will be fitter than others.
Fitter individuals have a disadvantage and will reproduce less successfully than individuals who are less fit.
The offspring of fitter individuals may inherit the genes that give that advantage.
Speciation is the formation of new species when populations of a species become isolated and evolve differently from other populations. What environmental change or changes happen that can lead to speciation?
Note: you can select more than 1 answer.
Island Formations
Climate Change
Sea Level Change
According to scientists, there has been 5 mass extinctions. Scientists believe that Earth currently is in the process of reaching another mass extinction. How is this 6th mass extinction similar to the past 5 mass extinctions that have happened? If it's not similar, how are they different?
Both are similar because an asteroid will cause the 6th mass extinction
Abiotic factors are causing the 6th mass extinction like the previous 5.
Human activities are the cause of this 6th mass extinction, the past 5 were caused by abiotic factors.
What is the conflict between exploitation, sustainable development, and conservation in tropical biomes?
Conflict of LEDC of protecting their tropical biomes versus exploiting their resources to become MEDC.
Conflict of LEDC of protecting their environment to not become a MEDC.
There isn't a conflict in LEDC's of conserving their tropical rainforest biomes.
Which of the following isn't a factor that is used to determine if an organism should be put on the "Red List"?
Degree of Specialization
Degree of Fragmentation
Population Size
Size of the organism
Which of the following is a purpose of the "Red List"?
Note: You can select more than 1 answer
to identify species requiring some level of conservation
to catalogue plants and animals facing a high risk of global extinction
to raise awareness of animals and plants that face a higher risk of global extinction than others and require conservation efforts
A traditional form of income for tropical rain forest biomes is timber. The best method to harvest timber without completely destroying the forest is referred to as what?
Note: you can select more than 1 answer.
Conventional logging
Selective logging
Reduced impact logging
True or False: Ecotourism, a form of tourism directed towards natural environments with out harming, can help raise funds for conservation, educate visitors, and help the local economy.
True
False
How is a NGO different from an IGO?
NGO's are more conservative in their conservation approach.
NGO's are not funded by governments.
NGO's use conventional approaches
NGO's gather data by paying scientists
Conservation approaches include which answer choices?
Note: you can select more than 1 answer.
habitat conservation
species-based conservation
mixed approach
Which term describes a strategy of conservation where biodiversity is preserved in natural habitats?
In situ conservation. Examples include protected areas and safari parks
Ex situ conservation. Examples include zoos
When designing a conservation. Which shape is the best for a reserve?
Square
Rectangle
Circle
Triangle
What influences the success of conservation efforts?
Community Support
Lack of funding
Limited research
True or False: Flagship species are ‘charismatic’ species selected to appeal to the public and thereby help to protect other species in an area (giant panda, meerkats, gorillas).
True
False
Which term describes that species that are vital for the continuing function of the ecosystem?
Keystone Species
Flagship Species
Endangered Species
Extinct Species
True or False: The demand of water has increased in both MEDCs and LEDCs, as populations are increasing as well as expanding industry.
True
False
There are various ways to help conserve and properly manage freshwater supplies. Which of the following options is NOT a method to help conserve water?
Reusing “gray water” from showers and sinks.
Using water-efficient appliances.
Farming drought resistant crops like oregano and basil
Using sprinkler systems to irrigate water crops
As the population worldwide increases, some nations will have freshwater shortages. Which of the following options is an example of an effect of freshwater shortages?
Immigration out of affected regions will decrease
Droughts can occur
Crops will benefit
This issue isn't as severe as it appears
What diseases can be spread through untreated water and cause illness?
Measles
Flu
Cholera
Rubella
Phytoplankton is an aquatic organism. In what part of a food chain will this organism belong in?
Tertiary Consumer
Decomposer
Primary Producer
Secondary Consumer
True or False: Coastlines and shallow seas have high productivity levels because of the high amount of sunlight that reaches the surface of the water.
True
False
Organisms that are harvested from aquatic systems for food are considered less energy efficient than crops. Why is this true?
Crops capture directly from the sun, since they are primary producers
Fish are from less trophic levels so they have a larger energy storage
Crops are less energy efficient since they perform photosynthesis
Aquatic organisms are more energy efficient since they perform respiration
What is the goal of having a maximum sustainable yield in fishing?
To harvest as much fish as possible for profit, no matter the consequences
To harvest a lower and insufficient amount of fish
To harvest enough fish that the population isn’t harmed and continues to grow
To harvest unsustainable amounts fish that the population is harmed
Advances in fishing techniques have caused the populations of many aquatic organisms to be over harvested. Which of the following is a consequence of over harvesting fish?
Fish are not harmed by these newer fishing techniques
The population of aquatic organisms is actually safer due to these new techniques
Overharvesting of fish can lead to the endangerment of them
Fish reproduce quickly, so overfishing is a minor issue
Aquaculture is considered “fish farming”. What is a benefit of Aquaculture vs traditional fishing?
Aquaculture interferes with wild fishes' ability to reproduce more.
Fish in the wild are more protected since in Aquaculture fish farmers can just purchase the eggs of a preferred fish breed.
Traditional fishing methods are more beneficial to wild fish compared to Aquaculture.
Aquaculture is not beneficial since it's driving the extinction of many wild fish
Although Aquaculture is beneficial to wild fishing populations, there some issues involved. Which of the following options is an issue that can happen with Aquaculture?
Natural habitats are not harmed by Aquaculture
Lots of wild fish can get inside the fish farms.
Medications used in fish farms can spill into coastal areas
Wild fishing populations are declining due to aquaculture
What is an example of a contaminant that can come from a fish farm?
Oil
Fertilizers
Pathogens or disease
Heavy metals
Direct measures take samples of the water and measure the concentrations of different chemicals. Which of the following are chemical indicators for direct measures?
Indicator Species
BOD
Index Species
Nitrates
You are researching the water quality in a local river. You notice that there is a very high diversity of organisms. What can this tell you about water quality in this river?
The water quality is good
The water quality is poor
The water is highly polluted
BOD stands for biochemical oxygen demand. You are conducting research in a local river and you are measuring BOD. You measure that the river’s BOD is lower. What does that mean?
Low BOD indicates that oxygen levels are higher
Low BOD indicates that oxygen levels are low
Low BOD indicates that the river has organic matter undergoing decomposition
Low BOD indicates high levels of water contaminants
True or False: An indicator species is one whose presence, absence or abundance can be used as an indicator of pollution.
True
False
Eutrophication of lakes can cause algal blooms. What causes Eutrophication?
Nitrates and Phosphates
Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide
Phosphates and Oxygen
Nitrogen and Methane
Once a body of water has undergone Eutrophication, it is highly unlikely it will return to its original state. What can be done to reverse and repair the effects of Eutrophication?
Reducing human activities that can create pollutants.
Increasing the release of pollutants into the environment like fertilizers.
Allowing for contaminated ecosystems to restore themselves
Adding fecal matter to bodies of water that have undergone eutrophication to remove pollutants
Which of the following are involved in driving ocean circulation?
Temperature
Buoyancy
Viscosity
Mass
Human activities exist that have a high-impact on surface run-off and infiltration. What activity below is considered a “high-impact” activity?
Oil Exploration
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacturing
Ocean water has a high level of salinity. What is the name of the main salt the ocean has?
Calcium Carbonate
Potassium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
Magnesium chloride
The world ocean has 3 temperature zones. Which temperature has lowest ocean temperatures?
Surface Zone
Thermocline
Deep Zone
Lithosphere
The agriculture industry uses excessive amounts of freshwater daily. As the population increases, even more freshwater will be used to raise crops. Which of the following can help enhance water supplies when raising crops?
Using sprinklers to water crops
Using drought resistant crops
Using artificial fertilizers
Using natural pesticides
Which organism is present in bodies of water that have a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?
Tubifex
Stonefly Nymphs
Lichen
Nettles
Which organism is present in bodies of water that have a low biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)?
Tubifex
Stonefly Nymphs
Lichen
Nettles
Ocean currents are able to move towards the warmer and colder regions of the world. Which ocean currents move towards the equator and towards the poles?
Warm currents move water away from Equator to poles and Cold currents move it from poles to equator
Warm currents move water from poles to equator and Cold currents move it from equator to poles
Cold currents move from the north pole to south poles and Warm currents remain near equator
True or False: Algae that can form dead zones, like red algae, are caused now caused by warmer waters and the washing into the sea of farm fertilizers and sewage.
True
False
In which depth and temperature in the ocean would you find the least amount of salt?
Deep ocean and the temperature would be cold
Shallow ocean and the temperature would be warm
Deep ocean and the temperature would be warm
Shallow ocean and the temperature would be cold
Downward air movement creates_________ pressure and upward air movement creates _______ pressure.
High, Low
Low, High
