The image below shows the near-Earth asteroid Itokawa. Which surface feature would be created if Itokawa hit Earth’s surface?

The north end of Earth’s axis of rotation points toward

What is the approximate percentage of Earth’s surface that is covered by the hydrosphere?

The table below shows the times of high tides and low tides for a coastal location.

How much time occurred between the high tides on this day?

The map below shows a weather variable recorded at the same time across the United States. According to the data on the map, which weather variable was most likely recorded?

The table below shows the dates of peak activity of four meteor showers for five different years. Meteor showers are named for the constellations in which they appear to originate, as observed from Earth. Based on the data, the dates of these meteor showers appear to depend on the

The diagram below represents four different land surfaces of equal area. Which area would most likely have the greatest permeability as each area receives the same amount of rainfall?

The diagram below represents a portion of the water cycle. Letters A, B, C, and D represent processes or features related to the water cycle. Arrows represent movement of water. Which table correctly matches these letters with the processes or features related to the water cycle?

The leading edge of a thunderstorm reached Elmira, New York, at 1:00 p.m. This thunderstorm was moving eastward at 45 miles per hour. The leading edge of the thunderstorm most likely reached Binghamton, New York, at approximately

An air temperature of 30°C is equal to

The subtropical jet streams are fast flowing air currents located in the atmosphere about 10 kilometers above the surface of Earth. In which layer of the atmosphere are the subtropical streams located?

Which substance given off by a volcano is most likely to cause global cooling following a large volcanic eruption?

The table below shows general climate conditions of four different locations, A, B, C, and D. In which location is chemical weathering probably greatest, based on these climate conditions?

The picture shows a calorimeter being used to demonstrate a method of heat transfer. One cup is filled with hot water, and the other cup is filled with cold water. A metal bar extends through the lids into the water in both cups. Thermometers record changes in temperature. This calorimeter demonstrates the transfer of heat through the metal bar from

At the end of which geologic time period were the continents of South America and Africa joined together and entirely located south of the equator?

Which atmospheric cross section best represents the general air circulation over the North Pole?

The diagram below represents a sling psychrometer. Based on the wet-bulb temperature and the dry-bulb temperature, what is the approximate relative humidity?

The graph below represents the decay of a radioactive isotope into a stable disintegration product. Which remains could be dated using this radioactive isotope?

Block diagram A below represents normal surface ocean currents and the upwelling of colder water in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Block diagram B represents a reversal of surface ocean currents and decreased upwelling in the same region, initiating an El Niño event. Warmer surface water builds up in the eastern Pacific Ocean during an El Niño event because the speed of the Easterlies

Ordovician-age crinoid fossils of tropical marine origin are found in the bedrock of the Hudson- Mohawk lowlands region of New York State. This provides evidence that New York State was once located at a

The photograph below shows the New York State fossil Eurypterus remipes. Eurypterus fossils are most likely to be found in surface bedrock near

The study of fossil evidence suggests that humans

What is occurring at the Southeast Indian Ridge?

The cross sections below represent two rock outcrops labeled I and II. Letters A, B, C, D, and X identify rock layers. The rock layers have not been overturned. Which rock layer in outcrop II best correlates with layer X in outcrop I?

Which igneous rock formed from magma that cooled slowly and is composed of 5% amphibole, 8% biotite, 15% plagioclase feldspar, 37% quartz, and 35% potassium feldspar?

A mudslide is most likely to occur on a hillslope having soil that is

The map below represents portions of three tectonic plates. Points A through D represent locations on Earth’s surface. Which location is closest to a zone of rifting?

The table below shows the chemical formulas for four rock-forming minerals. Which mineral contains the two most abundant elements by mass in Earth’s crust?

The map below represents a bridge over the meander of a stream. From the bridge, a student measures the stream velocity at locations A, B, and C. Which table represents the most probable stream velocity recordings at each location?

The sequence of diagrams below represent three 34 stages in the formation of a geologic feature over time. Which geologic feature is formed by this process?

Which mineral has cleavage in two directions and is commonly used to manufacture ceramics?

A mixture of rounded pebbles and sand was deposited in a river. Over time, these sediments were compacted and cemented together to form the sedimentary rock

The map below shows a portion of Matagorda Island. This barrier island is located along the coast of Texas in the Gulf of Mexico. Which agent of erosion is primarily responsible for the formation of Matagorda Island?

A primary difference between sedimentary rocks and nonsedimentary rocks is that

The data table describes some types of limestone. Which limestone is classified as inorganic?

The data table describes some types of limestone. The photograph below the data table shows one type of limestone described in the table. This type of limestone is best identified as

The photograph shows anorthositic gneiss bedrock from Whiteface Mountain in New York State.

Whiteface Mountain, located in the Mount Marcy region, is one of New York State’s highest mountain peaks. Most of the surface bedrock on Whiteface is anorthositic gneiss made up of large, light-colored plagioclase feldspar crystals and dark mineral bands composed of amphibole, pyroxene, and garnet. The foliated crystal alignment in the gneiss was produced during a major tectonic event called the Grenville orogeny. Landslides have exposed steep slopes of this white and gray bedrock on the sides of Whiteface Mountain.

In the anorthositic gneiss, the mineral garnet is most likely observed in the

The photograph shows anorthositic gneiss bedrock from Whiteface Mountain in New York State.

Whiteface Mountain, located in the Mount Marcy region, is one of New York State’s highest mountain peaks. Most of the surface bedrock on Whiteface is anorthositic gneiss made up of large, light-colored plagioclase feldspar crystals and dark mineral bands composed of amphibole, pyroxene, and garnet. The foliated crystal alignment in the gneiss was produced during a major tectonic event called the Grenville orogeny. Landslides have exposed steep slopes of this white and gray bedrock on the sides of Whiteface Mountain.

The texture of the gneiss indicates that the bedrock

The photograph shows anorthositic gneiss bedrock from Whiteface Mountain in New York State.

Whiteface Mountain, located in the Mount Marcy region, is one of New York State’s highest mountain peaks. Most of the surface bedrock on Whiteface is anorthositic gneiss made up of large, light-colored plagioclase feldspar crystals and dark mineral bands composed of amphibole, pyroxene, and garnet. The foliated crystal alignment in the gneiss was produced during a major tectonic event called the Grenville orogeny. Landslides have exposed steep slopes of this white and gray bedrock on the sides of Whiteface Mountain.

The altitude of Polaris as seen by an observer on Whiteface Mountain in the Mount Marcy region will be approximately

The cross section represents a section of Earth’s lithosphere along the coast of Japan. The epicenter of a large magnitude earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 is indicated. Devastation occurred mainly in the low-lying coastal areas of Japan closest to the epicenter. Letter A represents a geologic feature.

Which type of tectonic plate boundary is represented in the cross-section?

The cross section represents a section of Earth’s lithosphere along the coast of Japan. The epicenter of a large magnitude earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 is indicated. Devastation occurred mainly in the low-lying coastal areas of Japan closest to the epicenter. Letter A represents a geologic feature.

The geologic feature indicated by letter A is

The cross section represents a section of Earth’s lithosphere along the coast of Japan. The epicenter of a large magnitude earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 is indicated. Devastation occurred mainly in the low-lying coastal areas of Japan closest to the epicenter. Letter A represents a geologic feature.

What most likely caused the major devastation along the flat coastal areas of Japan as a result of this earthquake?

The cross section represents the effect of Earth’s atmosphere on energy from the Sun. Arrows labeled A, B, C, D, and E represent some possible paths of this insolation. The dashed arrows represent energy reradiated from Earth’s surface.

Which arrows represent reflected insolation?

The cross section represents the effect of Earth’s atmosphere on energy from the Sun. Arrows labeled A, B, C, D, and E represent some possible paths of this insolation. The dashed arrows represent energy reradiated from Earth’s surface.

Compared to path D, the amount of energy reaching Earth’s surface following path B is likely

The cross section represents the effect of Earth’s atmosphere on energy from the Sun. Arrows labeled A, B, C, D, and E represent some possible paths of this insolation. The dashed arrows represent energy reradiated from Earth’s surface.

Which type of surface material absorbs and reradiates the greatest amount of energy?

The graph shows the number of families (groups of closely related species) represented in the fossil record and five major mass extinction events in Earth’s history.

Which group of living organisms survived all five major mass extinctions?

The graph shows the number of families (groups of closely related species) represented in the fossil record and five major mass extinction events in Earth’s history.

One group of organisms that existed on Earth before 550 million years ago was

The diagram represents the apparent change in direction of the swing of a scientific device over a period of five hours. This device provides evidence of Earth’s rotation.

Which diagram represents the correct direction of Earth’s rotation?

The diagram represents the apparent change in direction of the swing of a scientific device over a period of five hours. This device provides evidence of Earth’s rotation.

Approximately how many degrees does Earth rotate on its axis over this five-hour period?

The block diagram represents an east coast location near the southern tip of South America. Arrows represent incoming and outgoing radiation.

How are the relative daytime air temperature and the relative daytime air pressure over the beach and ocean are different in the summer months

Which two characteristics classify Jupiter as a Jovian planet?

As observed from Earth, the wavelengths of light from the most distant galaxies are usually

The rate of Earth’s revolution around the Sun is approximately

Different star constellations are observed from Earth at different times during the year because

The apparent change in the direction of swing of a Foucault pendulum provides evidence of Earth’s

The Milky Way can best be described as

How much heat energy is required to change five grams of ice to liquid water at 0°C?

What is the cause and its effect on the change in mass of the potted plant over time?

Air temperatures are recorded as a weather balloon rises from Earth’s surface. At first, the air temperature constantly decreases for 12 kilometers, then remains constant briefly before increasing for another 12 kilometers before the balloon bursts. In which layer did the balloon burst?

The diagram below represents the Moon passing through the darker part of Earth's shadow called the umbra. Letters A and B represent locations on Earth's surface. Which statement best identifies this event and at which location it would be viewed?

The photograph below shows an impact crater located in the southwestern United States. This crater most likely formed as a result of

The diagrams below represent three containers, A, B, and C, which were filled with equal volumes of uniformly sorted plastic beads. To determine porosity, water was poured into each container until the water level rose to the top of the beads. The porosity (art of pore space) was found to be

Which cross section represents the cloud patterns and the direction of air movement at a warm front?

Which map shows the most likely path of a low pressure system (L) in the United States if it follows a normal storm track?

Which weather instrument is an anemometer?

The station model below represents some weather information for a location in New York State. Based on the information on the station model, the weather at this location is

Electromagnetic energy travels through space from the Sun to the top of Earth’s atmosphere by

The diagram below represents the position of Earth with respect to the Sun on March 21. A and B are two locations on Earth’s surface. The intensity of insolation over the next three months will

Which event is primarily responsible for the production of oxygen that first entered into Earth’s early atmosphere?

Since the break up of Pangaea, it has been inferred that the continent of North America has been generally moving toward the

The fossil Mucrospirifer is considered to be an index fossil because it existed over a

Compared to Earth’s outer core, the inner core properties are inferred to be

A seismic station 4000 kilometers from the epicenter of an earthquake records the arrival time of the first S-wave at 1:05:40 p.m. At what time did the first P-wave arrive at this station?

The photograph below shows fossilized ammonoids in a rock outcrop. The presence of these fossils in the outcrop indicates that in the past, this region was most likely covered by

The cross section below represents rock units within Earth's crust. Sedimentary rock layers are labeled 1 through 6. The age of the igneous rock is

The maps below show different stream drainage patterns. What factor most likely causes these different stream drainage patterns?

The photograph below shows boulders and other sediments that slid down a hillside. This rock slide is most likely an example of

The Mariana Trench is Earth’s deepest oceanic trench. This trench formed as the Pacific Plate was

The diagram below represents patterns of normal and reverse magnetic polarity in seafloor bedrock. In which bedrock type and location can this magnetic pattern most likely be observed?

Compared to the thickness and density of the continental crust, the relative thickness and density of Earth’s oceanic crust are

Iron found in some minerals in basalt can react with oxygen and break down into iron oxide particles. This change is an example of

Which feature provides the best evidence that thick glacial ice sheets once advanced southward over New York State?

The photograph below shows the metamorphic rock gneiss. Three minerals that would most likely be found in this rock are

Which igneous rock has a fine-grained texture and would have a mineral composition of 57% plagioclase feldspar, 28% amphibole, and 15% biotite?

What is a common use of the mineral composed of Fe₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂?

Spring tides are extremely high tides that occur when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are aligned. A king tide is the common name given to an extremely high spring tide that occurs at perigee (when the Moon is closest to Earth in its orbit). King tides occur onceor twice every year. Normal high tides are now reaching higher and extending farther inland than in the past because of global climate change and rising sea levels. This causes low-lying shorelines to be at an increased risk of flooding. If climate continues to change and sea levels rise,

spring tides and king tides will have a greater effect on shorelines and coastal flooding.

Which diagram best illustrates the positions of Earth (E), the Sun (S), and the Moon (M), and the relative distance between Earth and the Moon that results in a king tide?

Spring tides are extremely high tides that occur when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are aligned. A king tide is the common name given to an extremely high spring tide that occurs at perigee (when the Moon is closest to Earth in its orbit). King tides occur once or twice every year. Normal high tides are now reaching higher and extending farther inland than in the past because of global climate change and rising sea levels. This causes low-lying shorelines to be at an increased risk of flooding. If climate continues to change and sea levels rise, spring tides and king tides will have a greater effect on shorelines and coastal flooding.

A coastal community can make advanced preparations for a king tide event because the motions of Earth and the Moon are

Spring tides are extremely high tides that occur when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are aligned. A king tide is the common name given to an extremely high spring tide that occurs at perigee (when the Moon is closest to Earth in its orbit). King tides occur once or twice every year. Normal high tides are now reaching higher and extending farther inland than in the past because of global climate change and rising sea levels. This causes low-lying shorelines to be at an increased risk of flooding. If climate continues to change and sea levels rise, spring tides and king tides will have a greater effect on shorelines and coastal flooding.

Which factor is primarily causing global average sea levels to rise over time?

Two major greenhouse gases that may be linked to global warming are

The map shows the four time zones and some latitude and longitude lines across the continental United States. Some cities are labeled on the map.

What time is it in Buffalo, New York, when it is 5:00 p.m. in Omaha, Nebraska?

The map shows the four time zones and some latitude and longitude lines across the continental United States Some cities are labeled on the map.

The altitude of Polaris, as measured by an observer in Reno, Nevada, is closest to

The map shows the four time zones and some latitude and longitude lines across the continental United States. Some cities are labeled on the map.

Which city has the shortest duration of insolation on December 21?

The map shows the four time zones and some latitude and longitude lines across the continental United States. Some cities are labeled on the map.

The four time zones shown on the map are based on Earth’s

The pie chart shows percentages of different rock types used to make crushed stone in the United States during 2017. Crushed Stone is the world’s most basic mineral commodity. It is abundant, widely available, and inexpensive. In 2017, the United States produced 1.3 billion tons of crushed stone, most of which is used in highway and building construction.

Which two elements are common to both rocks that make up the 4% section of the United States crushed stone rock types?

The pie chart shows percentages of different rock types used to make crushed stone in the United States during 2017. Crushed Stone is the world’s most basic mineral commodity. It is abundant, widely available, and inexpensive. In 2017, the United States produced 1.3 billion tons of crushed stone, most of which is used in highway and building construction.

Which rock would most likely be included in trap rock?

The pie chart shows percentages of different rock types used to make crushed stone in the United States during 2017. Crushed Stone is the world’s most basic mineral commodity. It is abundant, widely available, and inexpensive. In 2017, the United States produced 1.3 billion tons of crushed stone, most of which is used in highway and building construction.

Which crushed rock would most likely weather the fastest in areas that receive high levels of acidic rain?

When the driver of a dump truck raises the bed of the dump truck to release its load, quartzite tends to scratch the bottom and sides of the bed easier than limestone. Which property of the minerals in quartzite causes them to more easily scratch the bed of the dump truck?

One reason why carbon-14 was used to determine the age of the woolly rhinoceros tooth was because carbon-14

The data table lists samples of three different materials, the age of each sample, the radioactive isotope used to date each sample, and the location where the sample was found.

Approximately how much of the original uranium-238 is left in the sample of zircon crystals?

The iridium-enriched sediment layer was deposited at the end of which geological period?