signaling begins with (a)   recognition by a receptor protein in a target cell

(a)   often amplified for appropriate cell response

___ ___ relay signals from receptors to cell targets

(a)  

___ ___ causes receptor protein to change shape, initiating signal transduction

(a)  

an ex. of a second messenger is ___ ___

(a)  

___ ___ relay and amplify the intracellular signal

(a)  

binding of _1_ to _1_ gated channels can open or close the channel

(a)  

___ in the domain of the ___ protein or any component of the pathways may affect downstream components

(a)  

(a)   in pathways can alter cellular response

chemicals that interfere with any component of the signaling pathway may either ___ or ___ the pathway

(a)  

consisting of G1, S, G2

cell prepares for cell division by growing, duplicating cell organelles, and replicating DNA

(a)  

90% of the cell cycle

(a)  

nucleoli disappears and mitotic spindle forms in the cytoplasm

(a)  

chromatin becomes more tightly coiled into discrete chromosomes

(a)  

2 chromatids from chromosome pair now has a kinetochore at its centromere

(a)  

microtubules begin to attach to chromosomes

(a)  

centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell

chromosomes lined up at the (a)   plate

cell cycle phase in which chromatin fibers become less condensed, and cytokinesis begins

(a)  

sister chromatids begin to separate

cell elongates

opposite ends of the cell complete and equal sets of chromosomes

(a)  

pinches off to form 2 animal cells

(a)  

cell plate grows across to create 2 daughter cells in a (a)   cell

some signals released by cells can travel ___ distances to a __ cell type

(a)  

cells communicate over short distances with ___ ___

(a)  

cells communicate by cell-to-cell (a)  

cellular respiration equation

(a)  

breakdown of sugars that occurs in the presence of oxygen

light reactions

(a)  

a molecule that stores electrons

(a)  

breakdown of sugars that occurs in the absence of oxygen

(a)  

process by which molecules are broken down and their energy is released

(a)  

a molecule that functions in the krebs cycle by accepting and donating electrons

(a)  

photosynthesis equation

(a)  

coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism

(a)  

the formation of atp by directly transferring a phosphate group to adp from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

(a)  

the production of atp using energy derive from the redox reactions of an ETC

(a)  

H+ gradient created by the ETC is coupled to ATP synthesis

(a)  

produces energy that drives the synthesis of ATP

(a)  

function is to break down the glucose, 2 turns complete

(a)  

where does the Kreb's cycle occur?

(a)  

where does Glycolysis happen?

(a)  

glucose begins the degradation process when it's broken into 2 pyruvate molecules

(a)  

36-38 ATP made

cell respiration when oxygen is present

(a)  

anabolic pathway + catabolic pathway = (a)  

what doe H represent?

(a)  

vesicles from the cell's interior fuse with the cell membrane expelling their contents to the exterior

requires energy

(a)  

takes in small droplets of fluid in small vesicles

requires energy

(a)  

wraps around a large particle

requires energy

(a)  

allows the cell to take in macromolecules

requires energy

(a)  

substances move against their concent. gradient

(a)  

substances diffuse through a protein channel from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

(a)  

water flows from the solution with lower solute concentration to a solute with a higher concentration

(a)  

-substance will travel from where it is more concentrated to where its less concentrated, through concentration gradient

-requires no energy

(a)  

membrane is fluid and proteins are embedded with the phospholipid bilayer

(a)  

surface area/volume= big... the cell's size is (a)  

surface area / volume = small... the cell's size is (a)  

the cell membranes act as selective barriers to let in only the substances that each cell needs to function

(a)  

sharing a pair of valence electrons equally

(a)  

sharing of a pair of valence electrons not equally

(a)  

strong, not as strong a covalent

(a)  

strongest bond

(a)  

cation and anion of opposite charge can form

(a)  

positive ion

(a)  

negative ion

(a)  

What functional group is above?

(a)  

What functional group is above

(a)  

What functional group is above?

(a)  

What functional group is above?

(a)  

where two neighboring cells are fused

(a)  

What functional group is above?

(a)  

What functional group is above?

(a)  

the making and breaking of chemical bonds that lead to changes in the composition of the matter

(a)  

breaks down molecules

(a)  

builds up molecules

(a)  

how do hydrogen bonds form?

(a)  

water more structured than most other liquids because of (a)  

helps water counter the downward pull of gravity

(a)  

water has a greater surface tension than other liquids because of (a)  

water can resist changes in temp. bc of (a)  

most important elements in organisms (CHNOPS)

(a)  

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and different properties

(a)  

What are the four macromolecules?

(a)  

What are the simplest sugars?

(a)  

What's an examples of a monosaccharide?

(a)  

2 monosaccharides= 1 (a)  

An ex. of a disaccharide is _____ and _______

(a)  

monosaccharides + disaccharides = (a)  

An ex. of a polysaccharide is (a)  

Fats, waxes, oils, and steroids are ex. of (a)  

large molecules created by dehydration synthesis reactions between smaller molecules

(a)  

(a)   cells make up fats

adipose cells are a part of (a)   that make up cell membranes

phospholipids have ______ backbones and 2 ____ ____ tails

(a)  

(a)   make up 50% of the cell

(a)   are made up of amino acid monomers

_____ ____ give organic molecules their identity

(a)  

one shaped is coiled

(a)  

second shape is an accordion

(a)  

DNA and RNA are ____ _____

(a)  

heredity molecule

(a)  

have 3 parts- nitrogenous base, pentose (5 carbon sugar), and a phosphate group

(a)  

adding water when breaking bonds between monomers and anabolic process

(a)  

adding water when breaking bonds between monomers and an catabolic process

(a)  

each protein has a unique 3d shape has to do with protein (a)  

capacity to do work

(a)  

stored energy

(a)  

things that move

(a)  

energy stored in molecules

(a)  

primary source of energy of the cell

(a)  

proteins that can change the rate of reaction without being altered

(a)  

part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

(a)  

no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles (chromosomes grouped in nucleoid)

(a)  

consists of bacteria and archae bacteria

(a)  

protists, fungi, plants, and animal cells are (a)  

membrane bound nucleus (contains cell's chromosomes) and organelles in cytoplasm

(a)  

contains most of the cell's chromosomes and control center of the cell

(a)  

sites protein synthesis and produce proteins

(a)  

network of membranes and sacs celled cisternae

(a)  

involved in synthesis of lipids and metabolism of carbs

(a)  

ribosomes associated with ___ __ synthesize important proteins secreted by the cell

(a)  

the vesicle's contents are modified, stored, then sent on their way

(a)  

mouth of golgi, vesicles enter here

(a)  

end of golgi, vesicles exit here

(a)  

can digest large molecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids

(a)  

storage and breakdown of some waste products

(a)  

cell respiration takes place and ATP is created

(a)  

sites photosynthesis here

solar->chemical energy

(a)  

network of fibers that runs through the entire cytoplasm

(a)  

responsible for organizing cell structures and activities

(a)  

movement of structures of the cell

(a)  

protects the plant and helps maintain its shape

(a)  

selectively permits the passage of materials into and out of the cell

(a)  

allows cytosol to pass through from cell to cell

(a)  

allow ions, sugars, and small molecules to pass

(a)  

what doe S represent?

(a)  

what doe G represent?

(a)