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WorksheetsHigher Human Biology - Unit 3
Total questions: 87
Worksheet time: 44mins
Immunity can be developed by vaccination
True
False
To make vaccination, what is needed from infectious pathogens, so creating memory cells?
(a)
Which of the following is not a type of antigen used in vaccines?
inactivated pathogen toxins
dead pathogens
weakened pathogens
Healthy pathogens
What are antigens mixed with when making a vaccine?
(a)
What substance makes the vaccine more effective, so enhancing the immune response?
(a)
What type of immunity occurs when a large percentage of a population is immunised?
(a)
During herd immunity, who are protected as there is a lower probability they will come into contact with infected individuals?
(a)
The percentage of immune individuals required in a population above which a disease is less likely to spread is called the
(a)
What does the herd immunity threshold not depend on?
price of vaccine
The type of disease
The effectiveness of the vaccine
The density of the population
Some pathogens can change their antigens.
This means that memory cells are not effective against them.
What is this called?
(a)
What is the named example of antigenic variation discussed in class?
(a)
Mass vaccination programmes are designed to establish (a)
What difficulties can arise in developing world countries when designing mass vaccination programmers?
(a)
Difficulties can arise when widespread vaccination is not possible due to vaccines being rejected by a percentage of the population in the developed world.
True
False
The cerebral cortex is the centre of (a)
The cerebral cortex
recalls memories and alters behaviour in the light of experience
Controls heart rate and breathing rate
Monitors and responds to changes in temperatures
recall memories and maintains behaviours.
There is localisation of brain functions in the cerebral cortex. Which of the followings is NOT one of the areas?
sensory
Motor
association
inter
True or false: There are association areas involved in language processing, personality, imagination and intelligence.
True
False
Fill in the missing words: There are association areas involved in language processing, personality, (a) and intelligence.
Fill in the missing word: There are association areas involved in language processing, personality, imagination and (a)
Fill in the missing word: There are association areas involved in language processing, (a) imagination and intelligence
True or false: Information from one side of the body is processed in the opposite side of the cerebrum.
True
False
True or false: Information from one side of the body is processed in the same side of the cerebrum.
True
False
Transfer of information between the cerebral hemispheres occurs through the?
(a)
What part of the brain deals with information from the right visual field and controls the right side of the body?
(a)
What part of the brain deals with information from the left visual field and controls the left side of the body?
(a)
What type of defence are tears?
Physical
Chemical
What type of defence are epithelial cells ?
Physical
Chemical
What type of defence are stomach acid ?
Physical
Chemical
What term is used to describe a bacterium, virus or other organism that can cause disease?
(a)
What term is used to describe the ability of the body to resist infection by a pathogen or destroy the organism if it succeeds in invading and infecting the body?
(a)
What chemical is released during the inflammatory response that causes blood vessels to vasodilate?
(a)
What type of cells produce histamine?
(a)
What is the localised defence mechanisms When the body suffers a physical injury such as a cut and/or invasion by microbes?
(a)
By what process do phagocytes destroy pathogens?
(a)
What process involves the engulfing of pathogens and their destruction by digestive enzymes contained in lysosomes?
(a)
What cells are involved in the engulfing of pathogens and their destruction by digestive enzymes contained in lysosomes?
(a)
What do phagocytes produce that attract more phagocytes to the site of infection?
(a)
What do we call the protein molecules that act as a signal to specific white blood cells causing them to accumulate at the site of infection?
(a)
What line of defence is the following example? Skin to act as a physical barrier to pathogens
First line of defence
Second line of defence
Third line of defence
What line of defence is the following example? Secretion of stomach acids to kill microbes
First line of defence
Second line of defence
Third line of defence
What line of defence is the following example? Secretion of mucus by the trachea to trap microbes
First line of defence
Second line of defence
Third line of defence
What line of defence is the following example? Inflammatory response
First line of defence
Second line of defence
Third line of defence
What line of defence is the following example? Cellular Response: Phagocytosis
First line of defence
Second line of defence
Third line of defence
What line of defence is a specific response?
First line of defence
Second line of defence
Third line of defence
What is the first line of defence?
Specific Response
Non- Specific Response
What is the second line of defence?
Specific Response
Non- Specific Response
What types of cells produce antibodies?
t-lymphocytes
b-lymphocytes
phagocytes
Mast cells
What do we call the white blood cells involved in the specific immune response?
Phagocytes
mast cells
glial cells
lymphocytes
Lymphocytes have a single type of membrane receptor which is specific for one antigen.
True
False
Lymphocytes have a single type of membrane receptor which is non- specific for antigens.
True
False
Antigen binding leads to repeated lymphocyte division resulting in the formation of a
(a)
What do we call molecules, often proteins located on the surface of cells that trigger a specific immune response?
(a)
What term describes when T lymphocytes attack the body’s own cells?
(a)
What types of cells destroy infected body cells by recognising antigens of the pathogen on the cell membrane and inducing apoptosis?
t-lymphocytes
b-lymphocytes
phagocytes
Mast cells
What do we call programmed cell death?
(a)
T lymphocytes attach onto infected cells and release
(a)
T lymphocytes attach onto infected cells and release proteins. The remains of the cell are then removed by
(a)
What do we call Y-shaped proteins that have receptor binding sites specific to a particular antigen on a pathogen?
(a)
B lymphocytes can respond to antigens on substances that are harmless to the body, eg pollen. This hypersensitive response is called
(a)
What kind of response causes an allergic reaction?
(a)
Some of the cloned B and T lymphocytes survive long-term as
(a)
When a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs, these memory cells...
rapidly give rise to a new clone of specific lymphocytes
slowly give rise to a new clone of specific lymphocytes
rapidly give rise to a new clone of non-specific lymphocytes
slowly give rise to a new clone of non-specific lymphocytes
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and destroys...
(a)
HIV causes depletion of T lymphocytes which leads to the development of...
(a)
Individuals with AIDS have
a heightened immune system and so are more vulnerable to genetic infections.
a heightened immune system and so are more vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
a weakened immune system and so are more vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
a weakened immune system and so are more vulnerable to genetic infections
type 1 diabetes is an example of an autoimmune disease
True
False
A neuron is which type of cell?
Muscle cell
Skin cell
Nerve cell
gamete
Neurons are made up of ......
a cell body and dendrites
dendrites and axons
a cell body and axons
a cell body, dendrites and axons
The cell body of a neuron contains ......
The nucleus
Cytoplasm and the nucleus
cytoplasm
A cell wall
What is the function of an axon?
To carry impulses away from the cell body
To carry impulses towards the cell body
For cell division
For reproduction
An impulse travels in one direction. Choose the correct direction from those listed ........
cell body to axon to dendrite
dendrite to axon to cell body
dendrite to cell body to axon
axon to cell body to dendrite
What is the purpose of the myelin sheath which surrounds the axon?
Increases the speed of impulse conduction
Insulates the axon
Protects the axon
Increases the speed of impulse conduction and insulates the axon
(a) cells produce myelin sheath
Why are responses to stimuli in the first two years of life not as rapid or co-ordinated as that of an older child?
They don't have any myelin sheaths
They don't produce glial cells
Myelination continues from birth to adolescence
They have poor control
Why do certain diseases lead to loss of coordination?
myelin sheath is destroyed
Production of myelin sheath is too fast
Production of myelin sheath is too slow
Myelin sheath is too thick
What name is given to the tiny region between the axon end of one neuron and the dendrite end of the next neuron.
synapse
synaptic cleft
cell body
myelin sheath
What is the name given to the chemicals with transfer impulses over the synaptic cleft?
Dendrites
Axons
Synapses
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are stored in (a)
What is the name for the neuron which comes after a synapse?
Presynaptic neuron
inter neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
sensory neuron
What is the name for the structure on the neuron membrane where neurotransmitters bind?
glial cell
cell body
enzyme
receptor
Which part of the neuron contains the vesicles which store neurotransmitters?
Axon Ending
Dendrite
Cell body
Myelin Sheath
Why must neurotransmitters be removed from the synaptic cleft after transmission of an impulse?
To avoid a build up
To prevent continuous stimulation of pre-synaptic membrane
To prevent continuous stimulation of post-synaptic membrane
So that we don't have precise control over our movements
Describe two ways in which neurotransmitters can be removed.
Reuptake
Uptake
Enzyme synthesis
Enzyme degradation
Which organelle, which is found in abundance in the pre-synaptic membrane, releases energy for reuptake of neutrotransmitters?
Plasmid
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
If a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor that has an inhibitory effect which type of signal will be produced?
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Both inhibitory and excitatory
No signal
Define summation.
When several weak simuli reach a target neuron together
When several strong stimuli reach a target neuron together
Part of a convergent neural pathway
When weak stimuli are filtered out
