The heat problem is much more important because of ______ of nitrating acid and _____ of medium.

(a)  

This is the quantity of heat evolved where dilution of mixed acid is carried out.

(a)  

To determine the heat evolved during nitration of hydrocarbon by mixed acid, it is necessary to consider not only the heat of nitration but also various (a)   .

Advantage of batch process compared to continuous processes

(a)  

Arrange the steps in ascending order:

1. Hot sulfuric acid at 900C is run from the heat insulated storage tank (B) into one of a battery of nitrator (A1 to A4).

2. Under vigorous agitation, sufficient 63% nitric acid is added to the nitrator to produce a mixed acid containing 4% HNO3.

3. Sufficient benzene is then delivered from its storage tank to react with all the nitric acid in the nitrator. • Upon completion of the reaction, that takes about 10 min, the agitation is stopped and the charge is permitted to settle.

4. While the separation of nitrobenzene and spent acid proceeds, another nitration is started, thus providing a continuity of operations.

5. The crude nitrobenzene is drawn off through side outlets C on the nitrator and sent to the neutralizer.

6.The spent acid which is free of nitric acid but contains small amounts of nitrobenzene is drawn off in operating sequence at the outlets (D1 to D4) located at the base of the nitrators.

7. The spent acid is first directed to the acid heater (E) which is heated by low pressure steam to maintain the sensible heat of the spent acid (72 percent H2SO4) and delivered to the vapor separator.

8. The evaporator, operating under vacuum of 29 inch, effectively removes the water of nitration by virtue of the sensible heat of the spent acid and returns the sulfuric acid to the system at its original (75 percent) strength.

9. The small quantity of nitrobenzene found with the water in the condenser is separated and added to the crude charge.

(a)  

is the process by which an amine group is introduced into an organic molecule.

(a)  

used as intermediates in the chemical process industries.

(a)  

When an alkaline solution is employed, _______ is generally obtained, but very vigorous conditions sometimes result in the formation of ________.

(a)  

it, also known as amino benzene or benzenamine, is an aromatic amine with the formula C6H5NH2.

(a)  

It is mainly used as a raw material in the production of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), an intermediate in polyurethane manufacture.

(a)  

The process of aniline production can be divided into three main parts:

(a)  

Chemical processes usually have three interrelated steps:

1. Transfer of _______ to the ________.

2. ___________ involving various ________(chemical conversions).

3. ____________ from the _________ using various unit operations.

(a)  

5 FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL REACTION

(a)  

MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSES

(a)  

are surface-active compounds that are used in industrial processes and household products, such as cleaning, food, metallurgy, pharmacy, medicine, paints and varnishes, and mining.

(a)  

reduce surface tension and exhibit a tendency to form micelles in solvents.

(a)  

According to the charge of their hydrophilic moiety, surfactants can be classified into four categories:

(a)  

Give the meaning of the following acronyms:

(LAS), (QACs), (APEOs), and (AEOs)

(a)  

are potassium or sodium salts of a carboxylic acid having a long aliphatic chain attached to it.

(a)  

They are surfactants (compounds that reduce the surface tension between a liquid and another substance) and therefore help in the emulsification of oils in water.

(a)  

are generally prepared via the saponification of fats and oils.

(a)  

The _________ end of the soap molecule is hydrophilic whereas the ________ tail is hydrophobic.

(a)  

are the potassium or sodium salts of a long alkyl chain ending with a sulfonate group.

(a)  

They are soluble in hard water.

(a)  

The solubility of this substance is attributed to the fact that the sulfonate group does not attach itself to the ions present in hard water.

(a)  

are detergents used for domestic purposes.

(a)  

Consist of a ‘-COONa’ group attached to a fatty acid having a long alkyl chain.

(a)  

Consist of a ‘-SO3Na’ group attached to a long alkyl chain.

(a)  

are not effective in hard water and saline water

(a)  

do not lose their effectiveness in hard water and saline water.

(a)  

are completely biodegradable

(a)  

have a tendency to form scum in a hard water environment.

(a)  

These compounds do not form scum.

(a)  

They are derived from natural sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats.

(a)  

are synthetic derivatives

(a)  

are environment-friendly products since they are biodegradable.

(a)  

Detergents containing a (a)   are non-biodegradable

These compounds can form a thick foam that causes the death of aquatic life.

(a)  

The most commonly used soap making process is the (a)   of oils and fats.

This process involves heating oils and fats reacting them with a liquid alkali to produce soap plus water plus glycerine.

(a)  

in this process, oils and fats are hydrolyzed with high-pressure steam to yield glycerine and crude fatty acids.

(a)  

soap molecules form structures called (a)   .

it forms an emulsion in water and helps in dissolving the dirt when we wash our clothes

(a)  

is a synthetic chemical surfactant, which is a widely used industrial detergent.

(a)  

is an anionic surfactant, whose molecules are characterized by a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic group.

(a)  

This nonvolatile chemical compound is synthesized through the process of sulfonation.

(a)  

Most (a)   including LABSA are nontoxic in nature. However, prolonged exposure to these surfactants, could irritate and damage the skin through the disruption of the lipid membrane, which protects the skin and other cells.

(a)   is one of the largest synthetic surfactants by volume due to its low cost and high performance.

What is the meaning of LABSA?

(a)  

a colourless liquid which has an appearance similar to that of water.

(a)  

a molecular weight of about 98. It is heavier than water.

(a)  

Almost all the sulphuric acid around the world is manufactured by (a)   .

arrange in ascending order:

(1) H S O (l) + H O(l) → 2 H SO (l)

(2) S( s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)

(3.1) SO (g) + H O( l) → H SO (l)

(3.2) 2 SO2 + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) (in presence of V2O5)

(4) H SO ( l) + SO → H S O (l)

(a)  

the SO3 is absorbed into H2SO4 to produce (a)   , which is then diluted to form sulfuric acid.

it can be obtained from petroleum desulfurisation.

(a)  

can be obtained from smelting of metal silicide ores or it can be isolated from pyrite.

(a)  

The contact process involves three main steps:

• First step is ______ of ____ to _______.

• Second step is ______ of ______ to _________.

• Third step is ________ of _______ to form _______.

(a)  

the air supplied for combustion process should be (a)   , otherwise, this will result in the formation of acid and cause corrosion within the combustion equipment.

if the sulfur contains (a)   then filtration is needed to prevent these impurities from being carried over through the equipment and prevent deactivating the catalysts,

The catalyst used for the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulphur trioxide is (a)   .

Before sending the sulfur dioxide to the reactor the gas is pretreated to remove any impurities if present by _________ and if there are any fine particles present then the gas is passed through _________.

(a)  

(a)   helps in ensuring that more of sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfur trioxide and also overall doing this is beneficial for the process also in terms of purity.

The pulp and paper industry (PPI) produces

(a)  

The main steps of the process in pulp and paper industry (PPI) are

(a)  

Wood used to make pulp contains three main components:

(a)  

In this process, the bulk structure of the fiber source is broken down into the constituent fibers.

(a)  

this is accomplished by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules which are washed away from the cellulose fibers using chemicals.

(a)  

methods physically tear the cellulose fibers apart. Chemical pulping is the dominating pulping method and accounts for 70% of today’s global pulp production.

(a)  

is produced in a combination of mild chemical treatment and subsequent mechanical treatment in which the fibers are liberated from the wood matrix

(a)  

involves the extraction of cellulose from wood by dissolving the lignin that binds the cellulose fibers together.

(a)  

The 4 processes principally used in chemical pulping are

(a)  

involves several steps including making a pulp slurry, pressing and drying.

(a)  

It is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits

(a)  

Crude oil is found in underground pockets called

(a)  

Crude oil can be contained by (a)   , which are formed when massive layers of rock are bent or faulted (broken) from Earth’s shifting landmasses.

Oil can also be contained by (a)   . Different strata, or layers of rock, can have different amounts of porosity. Crude oil migrates easily through a layer of sandstone, for instance, but would be trapped beneath a layer of shale.

a process called (a)   is used to locate underground rock structures that might have trapped crude oil. During the process, a small explosion is set off. Sound waves travel underground, bounce off of the different types of rock, and return to the surface.

Drilling in an area where oil reserves have already been found is called (a)   .

Drilling where there are no known reserves is called (a)   . Exploratory, also called “wildcat” drilling, is a risky business with a very high failure rate.

(a)   involves drilling vertically to a known source of oil, then veering the drill bit at an angle to access additional resources.

is a liquid at atmospheric temperature and pressure, so it can flow through a wellbore and a pipeline – unlike bitumen (oil sands oil) which is too thick to flow without being heated or diluted.

(a)  

cannot be recovered using conventional drilling and pumping methods.

(a)  

Advanced extraction techniques, such as _____ and ______, are used to recover heavier oil that does not flow on its own.

(a)  

Oil found in geological formations that make it more difficult to extract, such as _______, is also called unconventional oil because non-traditional techniques are needed to extract the oil from the underground reservoir. This kind of oil extraction uses _________ and __________.

(a)  

On land, oil can be drilled with an apparatus called an _____. Offshore, oil is drilled from an ______.

(a)  

During this process, a well is intentionally drilled deeper than the oil reservoir. The deeper well hits a natural gas reservoir, and the high-pressure gas rises, forcing the oil out of its reservoir.

(a)  

Oil recovery in the oil sands uses two main methods:

(a)  

is used when oil sands deposits lie within 70 meters (200 feet) of the earth’s surface.

(a)  

The oil sand is then mixed with hot water and pumped by pipeline to a plant called an (a)   -, where the bitumen (oil) is separated from the other components such as sand, clay and water.

(a)   must be recovered using in situ technology.

means “in place,” because bitumen is separated from the sand below ground, right in the deposit itself. This is accomplished by heating the bitumen so it becomes fluid enough that it can be pumped to the surface.

(a)  

This method is widely used to extract bitumen from underground oil sands deposits. This method involves forcing steam into sub-surface oil sands deposits to heat the bitumen locked in the sand, allowing it to flow well enough to be extracted.

(a)  

This method involves pumping steam down a vertical well to soak or liquefy the bitumen, which is then pumped to the surface via the same well. This process is repeated until the majority of the oil has been removed.

(a)  

obtained from crude oil refining

(a)  

produced by cracking natural gas or petroleum products

(a)  

typically a transition metal complex

(a)  

combines ethelyne molecules to produce alpha - olefins of various chain lengths with an even number of carbon atoms shell- higher olefin process (shop) employs this approach

(a)  

a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons known as syngas, into liquid hydrocarbons

(a)  

is also considered an on-purpose route to 1-hexene

(a)  

is used in the production of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) plastics. These plastics are widely used in various industries, including packaging, automotive, and construction.

(a)  

is a flavoring agent. It is an alkyl aldehyde with a strong fruity odor.

(a)  

Heptanal can be converted to the short-chain fatty acid heptanoic acid or the alcohol heptanol via

(a)  

Heptanal can be converted to the short-chain fatty acid _______ or the alcohol ______.

(a)  

is also used in the production of synthetic rubber, including tires, conveyor belts, and hoses. The addition of hexene to the polymerization process improves the properties of synthetic rubber, making it more resistant to heat, chemicals, and other environmental factors.

(a)  

is used in a variety of other chemical applications, including the production of other alkenes, alcohols, and esters. It is also used as a solvent in the paint and coatings industry and as a fuel additive to improve the performance of gasoline.

(a)  

all refineries have basic four steps:

(a)  

The total volume of products refineries produce (output) is greater than the volume of crude oil that refineries process (input) because most of the products they make have a lower density than the crude oil they process. This increase in volume is called (a)   .

is an almost pure form of carbon which is a tough and porous black solid substance prepared by heating coal in the absence of air. It is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of minerals, manufacturing of steel and is also used as a fuel.

(a)  

is a thick, black, and highly viscous liquid with an unpleasant smell which is obtained as a byproduct of heating coal in the absence of air. It is used to make synthetic dyes, drugs, perfumes, plastic, paints, etc. It also contains 42% carbon, 48% hydrocarbons, and the rest of the percentage is occupied by water and possesses a characteristic smell.

(a)  

is a highly flammable fuel gas which is also obtained as a by-product of the strong heating of coal in the absence of air during the process of producing coke. It is used as fuel in many industries and is an important source of heat and light.

(a)